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Questions and Answers
What are the main provinces referred to as Thailand's southern border provinces in the report?
What language is spoken by the majority of the population in Thailand's southern border provinces?
Which statement best describes the history of Thailand's southern border provinces?
What has resulted from the Thai authorities' attempts to suppress and assimilate differences in the southern border provinces?
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What has been a key factor contributing to separatist activity in Thailand's southern border provinces according to the report?
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What has been a significant characteristic of the ethnic Malay Muslim population in Thailand's southern border provinces?
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What were the three ideological foundations of resistance and insurgency in Patani as mentioned in the text?
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Who led the Patani People's Movement and advocated for autonomy, language and cultural rights, and implementation of Islamic law?
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What was the main outcome of the conflict between Thai authorities and teachers of village-based Islamic boarding schools?
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What event led to the arrest of Haji Sulong and other religious leaders and Muslim parliamentarians on treason charges in 1948?
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Which nationalist military government arrested Haji Sulong in 1948?
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What is unique about the ethnic Malay Muslim resistance movement starting from the 1950s as mentioned in the text?
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Study Notes
Southern Border Provinces of Thailand
- The southern border provinces refer to Pattani, Yala, and Narathiwat, along with four districts in Songkhla province, where the majority of the population are ethnic Malay Muslims who speak a local dialect of the Malay language known as Jawi.
- This region was previously independent Muslim sultanates before being annexed by Thailand in 1902.
Historical Context of Separatism
- The southern border provinces have experienced varying degrees of separatist activity for over a century, rooted in religious, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, and historical differences.
- Attempts by the Thai authorities to suppress and assimilate these differences have led to resentment and alienation among the ethnic Malay Muslim population.
Ideological Foundations of Resistance
- The resistance and insurgency in the region are based on three ideological foundations:
- The belief in traditional virtues and the greatness of the Islamic Land of Patani (Patani Darulsalam).
- The Malay ethnic identification.
- A religious orientation based on Islam.
Historical Development of Separatism
- In the 19th and early 20th centuries, protests and rebellion were centered on members of sultanate families reacting to the policy of administrative centralization.
- In the 1920s, the Education Act led to sustained and mainstream separatism, as Thai officials sought to control the curriculum of Islamic boarding schools.
- The Patani People's Movement was created by Haji Sulong, who led a petition campaign for autonomy, language and cultural rights, and implementation of Islamic law in 1947.
Key Events and Figures
- Haji Sulong was arrested in 1948 and released in 1952, but disappeared in 1954, and his presumed murder by Thai authorities transformed him into a symbol of ethnic Malay Muslim resistance.
- The consolidation of ethnic Malay-Muslim resistance since the 1950s reflected the two sides of separatism: one led by exiled sultanate families and another led by religious teachers seeking to rally popular struggle based on ethnic Malay Muslims' self-awareness and identity under Islamic principles.
- Various separatist groups were formed, including the National Revolution Front (BRN), the Patani United Liberation Organization (PULO), and the Islamic Mujahidin Movement of Patani (GMIP).
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Description
Explore the history and ethnic composition of Thailand's southern border provinces, including Pattani, Yala, and Narathiwat. Learn about the local Malay Muslim population and the region's historical background as independent Muslim sultanates before being annexed by Thailand in 1902.
