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Questions and Answers

What type of economy did Mobutu adopt for the Congo?

  • Feudal economy
  • Capitalist economy (correct)
  • Communist economy
  • Socialist economy

Mobutu's nationalisation efforts resulted in increased foreign ownership of industries in Zaire.

False (B)

What term describes the economic strategy where Mobutu's friends and family were given control over industries?

nepotism

The economic collapse of Zaire in the 1970s was a result of __________.

<p>Zairenisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their relevant explanations:

<p>Kleptocracy = A government characterized by rampant corruption and embezzlement. Zairenisation = The removal of foreign influence from the economy. Nepotism = Favouritism towards family and friends in economic control. Nationalisation = Transferring ownership of industries to the state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the system of governance under Mobutu that involved stealing the country's resources?

<p>Kleptocracy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mobutu was known for his benevolent leadership and improvement of the Congo's economy.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Mobutu's self-given title that reflects his personality cult?

<p>Supreme Guide</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mobutu's rule led to a period of extreme __________, as he prioritized personal wealth over national prosperity.

<p>corruption</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a prominent effect of Mobutu's economic policies?

<p>High inflation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mobutu encouraged the use of his portrait in public places to strengthen his image.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one method Mobutu used to maintain his grip on power.

<p>torture or murder</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms with their definitions:

<p>Kleptocracy = Rule by thieves Personality Cult = Adoration of a leader Economic Mismanagement = Poor handling of economy Inflation = Rise in prices over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main effect of Mobutu's decision to return ownership of major companies to the Congolese people?

<p>Disaster for Zaire's economy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mobutu’s political ideology of authenticité promoted democratic governance.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What party did Mobutu establish as the only legal political party in Zaire?

<p>Mouvement Populaire de la Révolution (MPR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mobutu's policies led to significant economic mismanagement, resulting in high levels of ______.

<p>corruption</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the concepts with their definitions:

<p>Africanisation Ideology = Legitimization of Mobutu’s rule by traditional African politics Nationalisation = Return of company ownership to local people Corruption = Abuse of power for personal gain Inflation = Increase in prices leading to currency devaluation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT a method used by Mobutu to maintain control?

<p>Encouraging open debate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mobutu's administration was characterized by stability and economic growth.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What extreme measures did Mobutu employ against those who resisted his rule?

<p>Assassinations, executions, torture, and rape</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Mobutu's 'Authenticité'

Mobutu's political ideology aimed at national unity, strong identity, and economic development in the Congo (later Zaire).

MPR (Mouvement Populaire de la Révolution)

The only legal political party in the Congo under Mobutu's rule.

Mobutu's Economic Policies

Initially, Mobutu invited foreign investors; later, he returned ownership to Congolese, which proved disastrous to Zairean economy due to lack of experience in running large companies.

Congo's Resource Wealth

Congo has abundant mineral resources, including copper and cobalt, which attracted foreign interest.

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Mobutu's Control over Congo

Mobutu maintained tight control over the government by frequently changing ministers and officials, limiting any threat to his power, jailing those who opposed him, and using force.

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Mobutu's Use of Force

Mobutu used violence, including assassination, execution, and torture, against those who resisted his rule.

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Zaire's Economy

A term that depicts the economic struggle of Zaire following the nationalization of businesses under Mobutu's rule.

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Political Ideologies and Power

Mobutu used 'authenticité' to justify his absolute rule as traditional African politics whilst refusing democratic institutions.

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Kleptocracy definition

Rule by individuals or groups who use political power to steal a country's resources.

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Mobutu's rule style

Mobutu's leadership style was characterized by cruelty, torture, and murder to maintain power, and the establishment of a kleptocracy.

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Cult of Personality

Mobutu used media and propaganda to create a god-like image of himself, demanding adoration and unquestioning praise.

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Mobutu's Image

His public image was promoted through media, with a focus on a god-like figure.

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Mobutu's Full Name

Mobutu Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga

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Mobutu's title

Mobutu maintained the title of Supreme Guide, Father, and bearer of a self-awarded Oscar for Development.

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Kleptocracy meaning

Rule by thieves—derived from kleptomania (obsessive stealing) and kratos (power).

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Mobutu's propaganda

Mobutu used propaganda to present a positive image of himself through the media, reinforcing his cult of personality.

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Zairenisation

A policy implemented by Mobutu in Zaire, aiming to remove foreign businesses and investors by nationalizing them. It intended to create a self-sufficient economy by prioritizing Congolese ownership and control.

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Mobutu's Economic Ideology

Mobutu initially embraced capitalism, encouraging foreign investment under his rule. However, his implementation evolved into a kleptocracy where he and his inner circle enriched themselves through corruption and misappropriation of national wealth, exploiting the capitalist system for personal gain.

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Nepotism in Mobutu's Rule

Mobutu's nationalization policies favored his Congolese friends and family, allowing them to control businesses and industries, rather than the state. This led to mismanagement and corruption, hindering economic growth.

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Impact of Zairenisation

The implementation of Zairenisation led to a collapse in Zaire's economy. The lack of experience and mismanagement by Congolese elites who inherited the nationalized businesses resulted in declining productivity, ultimately harming the country's economic prospects.

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Zaire's Wealth Before and After Mobutu

Zaire was initially one of the wealthiest African nations, boasting abundant mineral resources. However, under Mobutu's leadership, the country's wealth was plundered through corrupt practices and mismanagement. This led to the downfall of Zaire's economic prosperity.

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Study Notes

Independent Africa in the 1960s and 1970s

  • Independence movements in Africa were influenced by various ideologies, including African socialism, capitalism, democracy and one-party states.
  • Colonial rule led to exploitation of Africa's resources and suppression of African traditions and cultural practices.
  • European powers imposed arbitrary borders, which sometimes placed hostile ethnic groups together, creating conflicts after independence.
  • The Scramble for Africa involved many major European countries acquiring territories.
  • African nations experienced many challenges during the transition to independence, including political instability, economic issues, and cultural conflict.
  • Some African states initially adopted capitalist economic systems but eventually experienced economic hardships due to reliance on foreign investments and exploitation of natural resources.

Influencing Ideas for Independent States

  • Different forms of government were adopted, such as African socialism and one-party states.
  • Various economic models, ranging from capitalism to communism were considered, but most often failed to promote sustainable self-sufficiency.
  • The ideals of economic self-sufficiency, and racial equality were among the most popular driving forces behind achieving independence.

Case Studies of Independent Africa

  • Congo/Zaire: Faced Cold War struggles and political turmoil, initially under Lumumba and later Mobutu Sese Seko.
    • Mobutu's rule was characterized by corruption and kleptocracy.
    • The nation had extensive mineral wealth (copper, cobalt), but it was not effectively utilized.
  • Tanzania: Led by Julius Nyerere, who promoted African socialism (Ujamaa), aiming for self-reliance.
    • Nyerere implemented communal farming (villages) and nationalized industries to reduce reliance on foreign markets.
    • The policy was well-intentioned but faced challenges, including economic hardships, inefficient agricultural implementation and resistance from some groups.
  • Both countries experienced challenges (poor infrastructure, ethnic conflict, dependency on foreign investment) despite having great resources.

Differences and Similarities Between the Congo and Tanzania

  • Congo
    • Initial struggles with political instability and conflict
    • Faced a significant cold war struggle
    • Poorly implemented and poorly managed resource extraction
  • Tanzania
    • Initial political and economic stability under Nyerere
    • Tried to implement socialist policies like cooperative farming programs
    • Aimed at equality, less income inequality
  • Both nations had issues with corruption, and economic difficulties. Both experienced exploitation from foreign actors.

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