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Questions and Answers

What primary advantage do adults have despite slower brain function?

  • Enhanced physical strength.
  • Higher cognitive flexibility.
  • Ability to analyze complex situations. (correct)
  • Faster reaction times.

    • Which condition is primarily caused by chronic alcohol abuse?

  • Alzheimer’s disease.
  • Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. (correct)
  • Huntington’s chorea.
  • Traumatic brain injury.

    • What are common causes of significant brain loss in adults between ages 25 and 65?

  • Drug abuse and depression.
  • Stress and lack of sleep.
  • Poor circulation and traumatic brain injury. (correct)
  • Genetic predisposition and consumption of caffeine.

    • How does the brain's performance change with aging?

    <p>Reaction times lengthen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cognitive reserve enable in adults?

    <p>Slower decline in cognitive function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential consequence of impaired blood flow to the brain?

    <p>Reduced oxygen supply.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following viruses can cross the blood-brain barrier?

    <p>HIV virus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is inherited and starts to damage the brain in middle age?

    <p>Alzheimer’s disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suggested to aid in the recovery of brain function after injury?

    <p>Time and rest from harmful substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does age affect neuronal connections in the brain?

    <p>Connections between brain areas strengthen with age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of brain plasticity?

    <p>It continues throughout a person’s life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does meditation play in brain development?

    <p>It strengthens brain connections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition may increase the risk of irreversible brain damage when combined with genetic vulnerability?

    <p>Alcohol use disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to dendrites in adulthood?

    <p>They can grow and develop new connections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what manner can the brain adapt after a stroke?

    <p>It forms new circuits to repair damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of repetitive performance of an action on the brain?

    <p>It leads to faster and better execution of the action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept referred to as 'g' in the context of intelligence?

    <p>A theoretical construct inferred from multiple cognitive abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor has NOT been suggested as influencing intelligence according to recent research?

    <p>Emotional intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do researchers agree about IQ in adulthood?

    <p>It can be influenced by adult experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which methodology was criticized for not accounting for emotional and motivational factors in intelligence?

    <p>Psychometric approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Spearman believe about intelligence and IQ?

    <p>IQ is exclusively inborn and cannot change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Recent genetic studies have linked intelligence to how many specific genes?

    <p>1,016</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of intelligence is emphasized in the discussion of adult experiences?

    <p>It fluctuates based on environmental factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the views on the origins of g?

    <p>Contested, with some researchers denying its existence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the life-span perspective on intelligence emphasize?

    <p>Intelligence is multi-directional and influenced by various factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to neuroscientific perspectives, what is crucial for general intelligence (g)?

    <p>The flexibility and dynamics of brain networks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Cattell and Horn propose about adult intelligence?

    <p>It consists of two primary clusters: fluid and crystallized intelligence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is fluid intelligence often compared to?

    <p>Water in its ability to adapt.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of intelligence does the concept of 'g' refer to?

    <p>An individual's overall cognitive functioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Schaie (2013) indicate about assessing individuals longitudinally?

    <p>There is significant variability in individual profiles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one proposed division of intelligence mentioned in the content?

    <p>Fluid and crystallized intelligence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors contributes to individual differences in intelligence according to the content?

    <p>Cognitive processing at a global level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes fluid intelligence from crystallized intelligence?

    <p>Fluid intelligence is flexible and quick to learn.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of intelligence is assessed by multiple choice tests?

    <p>Analytic intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of intelligence involves adaptive actions and understanding of everyday problems?

    <p>Practical intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about IQ in adulthood is true?

    <p>IQ typically remains stable or increases in adulthood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of creative intelligence?

    <p>Demonstrating original thought and imagination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What signifies crystallized intelligence in a person?

    <p>The size of one's vocabulary and factual knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fluid intelligence?

    <p>Detailed knowledge of specific subjects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of intelligence is highlighted by original thought and appreciation of novelty?

    <p>Creative intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily indicated by multiple-choice tests and brief essays that require remembered information with only one right answer?

    <p>Analytic intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of intelligence is characterized by flexibility, innovation, and valuing the unexpected?

    <p>Creative intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes intelligence that comes from real-life experiences and is often referred to as 'street smarts'?

    <p>Tacit intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Sternberg, which component of successful intelligence is needed to ensure ideas help reach the common good?

    <p>Wisdom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of intelligence is often least used in adulthood, according to the content?

    <p>Analytic intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of intelligence is evaluated through tests such as writing a short story or planning an advertising campaign?

    <p>Creative intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered one of the types of intelligence according to Sternberg?

    <p>Emotional intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the role of practical intelligence in adulthood?

    <p>It focuses on understanding social needs and adapting to them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Development of the Mind

    • Brain development follows a pattern of gradual decline after peak strength at around age 25, but cognitive gains are also evident.
    • Neuron firing slows, and reaction time increases with age.
    • Cognitive reserve, homeostasis, and allostasis protect the brain, promoting new learning in adults.
    • Postformal thinking, characterized by comprehensive analysis, is a hallmark of adult experience.

    Causes of Brain Loss

    • Drug abuse, specifically chronic alcohol abuse, can significantly harm the brain by reducing thiamine.
    • Poor circulation, due to hypertension, obesity, or smoking, can impair blood flow to the brain.
    • Viruses, including those causing HIV and mad cow disease, can cross the blood-brain barrier and destroy neurons.
    • Genetic factors, such as dominant genes for Alzheimer's disease, contribute to brain damage.
    • Traumatic brain injury (TBI), from blows to the head or rapid acceleration, can damage the brain, with repeated injuries being especially problematic.
    • Clustered conditions, such as alcohol abuse coupled with repeated head trauma, lead to increased risk of irreversible damage.
    • The brain possesses the ability to reestablish connections and compensate with other brain areas following damage, but organ reserve might be reduced.

    Brain Growth in Adulthood

    • Brain shrinkage is a known aspect of aging, yet new neurons form and dendrites grow in adulthood.
    • Neurogenesis (formation of neurons) occurs in specific areas, significantly in the hippocampus (memory formation and exploration).
    • Exercise increases circulation, connections, and myelination.
    • Brain plasticity is a vital aspect of lifelong learning, enabling the brain to restructure itself.

    Measuring Intelligence

    • General intelligence ("g") is a construct that combines various cognitive abilities (memory, language, perception).
    • IQ scores are calculated by assessing various cognitive abilities.
    • While genetic factors influence intelligence, other factors like prenatal development and early experiences play critical roles.
    • The interplay of emotional, motivational, intuitive, and creative components are not fully captured by traditional measures of intelligence.

    Components of Intelligence

    • Fluid intelligence: dynamic, adaptable cognitive processes involving solving problems, making inferences, and grasping relationships quickly.
    • Crystallized intelligence: accumulated knowledge, facts, information, and expertise.
    • Three models of intelligence: analytic, creative, and practical intelligence.

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