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Questions and Answers

What primary advantage do adults have despite slower brain function?

  • Enhanced physical strength.
  • Higher cognitive flexibility.
  • Ability to analyze complex situations. (correct)
  • Faster reaction times.

Which condition is primarily caused by chronic alcohol abuse?

  • Alzheimer’s disease.
  • Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. (correct)
  • Huntington’s chorea.
  • Traumatic brain injury.

What are common causes of significant brain loss in adults between ages 25 and 65?

  • Drug abuse and depression.
  • Stress and lack of sleep.
  • Poor circulation and traumatic brain injury. (correct)
  • Genetic predisposition and consumption of caffeine.

How does the brain's performance change with aging?

<p>Reaction times lengthen. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does cognitive reserve enable in adults?

<p>Slower decline in cognitive function. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential consequence of impaired blood flow to the brain?

<p>Reduced oxygen supply. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following viruses can cross the blood-brain barrier?

<p>HIV virus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is inherited and starts to damage the brain in middle age?

<p>Alzheimer’s disease. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is suggested to aid in the recovery of brain function after injury?

<p>Time and rest from harmful substances (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does age affect neuronal connections in the brain?

<p>Connections between brain areas strengthen with age. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of brain plasticity?

<p>It continues throughout a person’s life. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does meditation play in brain development?

<p>It strengthens brain connections. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition may increase the risk of irreversible brain damage when combined with genetic vulnerability?

<p>Alcohol use disorder (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to dendrites in adulthood?

<p>They can grow and develop new connections. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what manner can the brain adapt after a stroke?

<p>It forms new circuits to repair damage. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of repetitive performance of an action on the brain?

<p>It leads to faster and better execution of the action. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept referred to as 'g' in the context of intelligence?

<p>A theoretical construct inferred from multiple cognitive abilities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor has NOT been suggested as influencing intelligence according to recent research?

<p>Emotional intelligence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do researchers agree about IQ in adulthood?

<p>It can be influenced by adult experiences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which methodology was criticized for not accounting for emotional and motivational factors in intelligence?

<p>Psychometric approach (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Spearman believe about intelligence and IQ?

<p>IQ is exclusively inborn and cannot change. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Recent genetic studies have linked intelligence to how many specific genes?

<p>1,016 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of intelligence is emphasized in the discussion of adult experiences?

<p>It fluctuates based on environmental factors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the views on the origins of g?

<p>Contested, with some researchers denying its existence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the life-span perspective on intelligence emphasize?

<p>Intelligence is multi-directional and influenced by various factors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to neuroscientific perspectives, what is crucial for general intelligence (g)?

<p>The flexibility and dynamics of brain networks. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Cattell and Horn propose about adult intelligence?

<p>It consists of two primary clusters: fluid and crystallized intelligence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is fluid intelligence often compared to?

<p>Water in its ability to adapt. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of intelligence does the concept of 'g' refer to?

<p>An individual's overall cognitive functioning. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Schaie (2013) indicate about assessing individuals longitudinally?

<p>There is significant variability in individual profiles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one proposed division of intelligence mentioned in the content?

<p>Fluid and crystallized intelligence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors contributes to individual differences in intelligence according to the content?

<p>Cognitive processing at a global level. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes fluid intelligence from crystallized intelligence?

<p>Fluid intelligence is flexible and quick to learn. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of intelligence is assessed by multiple choice tests?

<p>Analytic intelligence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of intelligence involves adaptive actions and understanding of everyday problems?

<p>Practical intelligence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about IQ in adulthood is true?

<p>IQ typically remains stable or increases in adulthood. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of creative intelligence?

<p>Demonstrating original thought and imagination. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What signifies crystallized intelligence in a person?

<p>The size of one's vocabulary and factual knowledge. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fluid intelligence?

<p>Detailed knowledge of specific subjects. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of intelligence is highlighted by original thought and appreciation of novelty?

<p>Creative intelligence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily indicated by multiple-choice tests and brief essays that require remembered information with only one right answer?

<p>Analytic intelligence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of intelligence is characterized by flexibility, innovation, and valuing the unexpected?

<p>Creative intelligence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes intelligence that comes from real-life experiences and is often referred to as 'street smarts'?

<p>Tacit intelligence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Sternberg, which component of successful intelligence is needed to ensure ideas help reach the common good?

<p>Wisdom (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of intelligence is often least used in adulthood, according to the content?

<p>Analytic intelligence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of intelligence is evaluated through tests such as writing a short story or planning an advertising campaign?

<p>Creative intelligence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered one of the types of intelligence according to Sternberg?

<p>Emotional intelligence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the role of practical intelligence in adulthood?

<p>It focuses on understanding social needs and adapting to them. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cognitive Reserve

The brain's ability to adapt and compensate for age-related decline, allowing continued learning and cognitive function.

Postformal Thinking

A more flexible and nuanced approach to problem solving, considering multiple perspectives and integrating emotional with rational thinking.

How does the brain slow down with age?

Neurons fire more slowly, leading to slower reaction times, due to less efficient communication between neurons. This is because messages from the axon of one neuron aren't picked up as quickly by the dendrites of other neurons.

What are the risks to the brain?

Several factors can damage the brain, including drug abuse, poor circulation, viruses, genetic predisposition to diseases like Alzheimer's, and traumatic brain injuries.

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Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

A serious brain disorder caused by chronic alcohol abuse, resulting in thiamine deficiency (Vitamin B1). This leads to memory loss, confusion, and coordination problems.

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How does poor circulation affect the brain?

Conditions like hypertension, extreme obesity, and smoking can all impair blood flow to the brain, slowing down cognitive processes and potentially leading to brain damage.

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Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

Any type of physical trauma to the head, like a blow, concussion, or whiplash, can cause brain damage and affect cognitive function.

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Alzheimer's Disease

A neurodegenerative disease that causes progressive memory loss and cognitive decline, often starting in middle age.

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Neural Regeneration

The process of the brain repairing itself by re-establishing broken connections and compensating with other areas after damage.

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Dendrite Growth

The growth of dendrites, the branches of neurons, allows for new connections and enhanced communication within the brain.

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Brain Plasticity

The brain's ability to change and adapt throughout life, forming new connections and rewiring itself in response to experience.

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Myelination

The process of coating nerve fibers with myelin, which increases the speed and efficiency of signal transmission.

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Neurogenesis

The process of forming new neurons. It's less active in adulthood compared to early development but doesn't stop completely.

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Brain Growth in Adulthood

Contrary to previous belief, the brain continues to grow and adapt throughout adulthood, forming new connections and strengthening existing ones.

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Brain Slowdown and Shrinkage

While the brain continues to grow and adapt, it also slows down and shrinks with age, due to factors like neuron loss and reduced connections.

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Cognition Enhancement

Stronger connections between brain areas improve cognitive abilities, leading to better understanding and comprehension.

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Fluid Intelligence

The ability to think flexibly and learn new things quickly, even if they're unfamiliar or abstract.

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Crystallized Intelligence

The knowledge and skills accumulated over a lifetime, including vocabulary, factual information, and historical knowledge.

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What's the difference between fluid and crystallized intelligence?

Fluid intelligence is the ability to learn and solve problems quickly, while crystallized intelligence is the knowledge we accumulate over time.

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Analytic Intelligence

The ability to analyze information, solve problems logically, and plan effectively. It helps us excel in academics.

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Creative Intelligence

The ability to think outside the box, come up with new ideas, and be imaginative.

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Practical Intelligence

The ability to apply knowledge and skills to real-world situations, also known as "street smarts."

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How does IQ change over time?

Fluid intelligence declines with age, while crystallized intelligence tends to remain stable or even increase.

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What are Sternberg's Three Forms of Intelligence?

Analytic, Creative, and Practical intelligence. Each form represents a unique set of abilities.

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General Intelligence (g)

A theoretical concept representing a person's overall intellectual ability, which is thought to influence performance across various cognitive domains.

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Spearman's Theory of Intelligence

Proposed that 'g' (general intelligence) exists and can be inferred by measuring various abilities like language, memory, math, perception, and knowledge.

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IQ Score

A numerical representation of a person's intellectual capacity based on standardized tests, often used to measure 'g' and compare individuals.

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Intelligence is Heritable

The belief that genetic factors contribute significantly to individual differences in intelligence.

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Origins of Intelligence

Various factors contributing to the development of intelligence, including genes, prenatal brain development, early experiences, and physical health.

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Criticisms of Psychometric Approach

Arguments that traditional intelligence testing methods neglect aspects like emotion, motivation, creativity, and stress, which are crucial for successful cognition.

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Mitochondrial Function and Intelligence

A theory positing that the efficiency of mitochondria, the energy powerhouses of cells, may play a crucial role in cognitive function.

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Intelligence Changes Over Time

Intellectual capacity can change throughout adulthood, influenced by education, life experiences, and even national values.

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Life-span Perspective of Intelligence

Intelligence changes throughout life, influenced by factors like experience, brain development, and environment. It's not just about a single score but about dynamic changes and variations.

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Multi-directional Intelligence

Intelligence doesn't always improve with age. Some aspects may peak early, others may decline, and some may continue to grow.

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Multi-cultural Intelligence

Intelligence is influenced by culture and environment. There is no single definition of intelligence that applies to everyone.

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Multi-contextual Intelligence

Intelligence is not just about test scores; it's about how individuals use their abilities in different situations and contexts.

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Plasticity of Intelligence

Intelligence is not fixed; it can change and develop through learning, practice, and experience.

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Brain Network Flexibility

Intelligence is linked to the brain's ability to form and activate different neural networks efficiently, allowing for a wide range of cognitive abilities.

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Wisdom

The ability to apply different types of intelligence (analytic, creative, and practical) towards a common good. It involves making wise choices for the benefit of oneself and others.

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What are the strengths of analytic intelligence?

Strengths in analytic intelligence include a strong ability to process information quickly, remember details, and solve problems logically. It is valuable for academic and professional settings, particularly in fields that require analysis and critical thinking.

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What are the strengths of creative intelligence?

Strengths in creative intelligence include the ability to generate innovative ideas, think outside the box, and approach problems in unexpected ways. This is valuable in fields that require original thinking, new solutions, and artistic expression.

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What are the strengths of practical intelligence?

Strengths in practical intelligence include the ability to successfully navigate complex social situations, understand and respond to other people's needs, and apply skills to real-world problems. This is valuable for everyday life, successful careers, and building strong relationships.

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How does Lin-Manuel Miranda demonstrate the different types of intelligence?

Lin-Manuel Miranda demonstrates all three types of intelligence: Creative in his writing and performance, Analytic in his ability to analyze history and construct a compelling narrative, and Practical in adapting to the demands of Broadway and connecting with audiences.

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Study Notes

Development of the Mind

  • Brain development follows a pattern of gradual decline after peak strength at around age 25, but cognitive gains are also evident.
  • Neuron firing slows, and reaction time increases with age.
  • Cognitive reserve, homeostasis, and allostasis protect the brain, promoting new learning in adults.
  • Postformal thinking, characterized by comprehensive analysis, is a hallmark of adult experience.

Causes of Brain Loss

  • Drug abuse, specifically chronic alcohol abuse, can significantly harm the brain by reducing thiamine.
  • Poor circulation, due to hypertension, obesity, or smoking, can impair blood flow to the brain.
  • Viruses, including those causing HIV and mad cow disease, can cross the blood-brain barrier and destroy neurons.
  • Genetic factors, such as dominant genes for Alzheimer's disease, contribute to brain damage.
  • Traumatic brain injury (TBI), from blows to the head or rapid acceleration, can damage the brain, with repeated injuries being especially problematic.
  • Clustered conditions, such as alcohol abuse coupled with repeated head trauma, lead to increased risk of irreversible damage.
  • The brain possesses the ability to reestablish connections and compensate with other brain areas following damage, but organ reserve might be reduced.

Brain Growth in Adulthood

  • Brain shrinkage is a known aspect of aging, yet new neurons form and dendrites grow in adulthood.
  • Neurogenesis (formation of neurons) occurs in specific areas, significantly in the hippocampus (memory formation and exploration).
  • Exercise increases circulation, connections, and myelination.
  • Brain plasticity is a vital aspect of lifelong learning, enabling the brain to restructure itself.

Measuring Intelligence

  • General intelligence ("g") is a construct that combines various cognitive abilities (memory, language, perception).
  • IQ scores are calculated by assessing various cognitive abilities.
  • While genetic factors influence intelligence, other factors like prenatal development and early experiences play critical roles.
  • The interplay of emotional, motivational, intuitive, and creative components are not fully captured by traditional measures of intelligence.

Components of Intelligence

  • Fluid intelligence: dynamic, adaptable cognitive processes involving solving problems, making inferences, and grasping relationships quickly.
  • Crystallized intelligence: accumulated knowledge, facts, information, and expertise.
  • Three models of intelligence: analytic, creative, and practical intelligence.

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