Textual Typology and Description of an Institute

Textual Typology

• Text is an intentional unit, formed by the statement and the paragraph
• Text can be communicative or illocutionary, in its intent
• Texts can comprise paragraphs, chapters, frames, or scenes

"The Institute of My City" Text Example

• The IES (Institue of Secondary Education) M. Angels Cardona is located in the eastern part of the island of Menorca
• This institute has twenty-five years of experience as an educational center
• M. Angels Cardona is named after a biologist who worked in the field of Natural Sciences
• Beyond ESO (mandatory secondary education) and Bachillerato (baccalaureate), the institute offers educational programs in Administration, Mechanics, and Cooking
• The center has classrooms, a library, two courtyards, a sports center, and a dining room
• The institute houses eight hundred students and a hundred teachers
• The school logo relates to marine and educational themes
• Ciutadella has another public Secondary school and two that are private

Narrative Paragraph Example ("The Cabin")

• When someone finally got off the couch, they were annoyed to see the ice show deflated so quickly
• It made them happy to see Nan and the kids arrive less than an hour later
• First came the expected scolding for not taking their bloody self to the washroom
• Nan examined the wound on their head while exclamations took place
• This attention pleased the one with the wound, and Nan cleaned, healed, and fed them until they were full
• Though it was still on their mind, the note (presumably left by Nan) was not mentioned
• The injured one didn't know what to think and didn't want to include Nan in it if it was a cruel joke
• The paragraph above contains elements of narrative, and ends with a period

Text Organization

• The organization of a text goes as follows:
• Title
• Introduction (1 paragraph)
• Development (2 or more paragraphs)
• Conclusion (1 paragraph)

Text Structure

• Internal structure:
• Approach
• Development
• Outcome/Unraveling
• External structure:
• Divided into chapters, parts, and treaties

"Video Games" Text Example

• Video games are becoming increasingly important
• The creator of Nintendo DS said video games make people better
• Some sectors do not support this view, cataloging video games as harmful and detrimental to children's education, though this is contested
• Video games stimulate a part of the brain, improve psychomotor skills in children, and mental speed in young people
• Video games can be addictive
• Parents can cause their children moral damage if they allow them to play video games for those over 18 years old
• Excessive television or portable screen time can cause vision deterioration from the video games
• NINTENDO WII helps children to learn to perceive their environment, and improves wrist and hand mobility
• Innovations help in daily life and video games offer innovations to the the sector of society

Analyzing the properties of the text- clarity

• The text has to be comprehensible to the reader
• The receiver should be able to unerstand it
• Are there any ambiguities?

Analyzing the properties of the text - correction

• Respect the correct grammatical rules!

Analyzing the properties of the text - adaptation

• Be appropriate to the communicative situation!
• The communication need to be appropriate in its content, channel and code

Analyzing the properties of the text - coherence

• Have a selection of the appropiate information
• Quantity of informative, repetitions and irrelevant details
• Quality, if the ideas are clear and comprehensive in an progressive manner in a order
• Structuring the information in accordance to the the text's genre
• Progression of theme
• If the ideas are expressed in an escalating manner, adding something new to the known information
• Distribution into paragraphs
• Each paragraph has a idea

Analyzing the properties of the text - cohesion

• Need conections between the linguistic features and the elements
• Anaphoric Resources (Lexical replacement, ellipses, synonyms, hyperonyms, grammatical substitutions etc) and text markers

Text Coherence Conditions:

• Ideas must be related to each other and to the central theme
• Example: Insects constitute the most numerous class of animals, with various orders including lepidoptera, coleoptera, and hymenoptera
• Ideas should not be contradictory as to contradict themselves, but must correlate and coincide
• Example: Someone studies insects for many hours because they are interesting. The person researches them, but avoids spiders because they have a phobia
• Ideas must be precisely meaningful wihout allowing ambiguity
• Example: Two people went to the Botanic Museum when they met a third and the two decided to change paths

Types of Procedures that allow coherence in the text

• Generalization: All the resources that we use in our daily lives cames from nature
• Denition: A object used by people to construct other objects
• Clasification: We can distinguish between two types of materials, natural and artificial
• Explanatory: Wood, wool and steel are types of natural materials and artificail materials are paper steel and plastic

Types of Texts

• According to modality:
• Descriptive
• Expository
• Narrative
• Argumentative
• According to communicative objective:
• Prescriptive
• Persuasive
• Aesthetic
• Informational

Descriptive Text

• Aims to represent, describe, display and guide
• Examples include inventories, indexes, guides, recipes, bibliographies, dictionaries, nomenclatures, literary descriptions, and notices
• Example: Recipe for Quinoa Yam Pudding

Expository Text

• These can be divulgative or specialized
• Functions include presenting, prescribing, exposing, and teaching
• Types include reports, minutes, scientific speeches and talks, conferences, classes, and letters.

Narrative Text

• Functions include informing, narrating events, creating worlds, and entertaining
• Types can be literary (stories, legends, novels, fables) or non-literary (biographies, memoirs, diaries, chronicles, acts, reports)

Argumentative Text

• It intends to persuade others about a particular point of view
• Functions include persuading, defending ideas, rejecting arguments, dissuading, and refuting
• Seen in texts such as acts, speeches, debates, opinion articles, forensic texts, advertising, and propaganda

Instructive, Normative, or Prescriptive Text

• It sets out instructions in a linear, non-hierarchical manner, ordered by exclusively temporal logic
• Function: to order, guide, and direct.
• Characteristics:
• Appellate and referential functions predominate
• They usually have a strict and logical order
• It tends to be peremptory
• Examples: manuals, artifact instructions, administrative orders, regulations, laws, etc

Persuasive Text

• It convinces or dissuades the reader about what a transmitter proposes, using strict logic
• Function is to persuade, dissuade, and convince
• Characteristics include logical argumentation, the mixing of the iconic, and linguistic formulas
• Examples include essays, opinion texts, advertising, propaganda, debates, forensic texts, and scientific texts

Aesthetic Text

• It creates using language as material, an artistic fictional reality
• Function: to create beauty, excite, transmit feelings, create a new vision of the world
• Characteristics:
• Responding to circumstances and worldview
• Using all literary resources of tradition
• Innovating linguistic or literary structures
• Examples: poetry, novels, stories, plays, etc

Informational Text

• It delivers information of various kinds using integrated languages, such as linguistic communication and images
• Its function is to inform about events and ideas
• Characteristics:
• Information delivery
• Clear and orderly presentation
• Examples: news, reports, chronicles, interviews

Basic Forms of Expository Text:

• Definition
• Description
• Narration
• Characterization
• Commentary

Organizing Info

• The information in expository texts can be organized in different forms such as:
• Description - grouping of ideas by association
• Seriation - presenting components in a specific order or gradation,
• Causality - exposing the reasons or foundations for the sequence of ideas
• Problem - solution - presenting a problem, pertinent data, and possible solutions
• Comparison or opposition - presenting similarities or differences between diverse elements

Connectors

• Llogical connectors are essential for expository text, indicating the structural organization
• For seriation: in addition, then, also, likewise, by addition, first, next, etc.
• For causality: therefore, therefore, so, consequently, so, since, in order to, etc.
• For problem/solution structure: similarly, similarly, similar to, etc. But, despite of, however, on the contrary, on the other hand, although, etc

Ancient Greece

• Refers to historical evolution of the geek world during the antiquity
• The greek civilization in 5th century BC extended in mediterranean sea
• During this era monuments and known intellectuals thrived and the democracy was founded
• The greeks where polytheistic and each city was independent of each other
• Alexander the Great conquered much of the world
• Aristoteles, Arquimedes, Euclides and others where intellectuals that thrived in the time of antiquity
• The greek world fell underneath roman dominion in the 1st century BC

Types of texts according to the author

• Narrative text: Relates real of fictional facts
• Expository text: Explains a fact in a rigorous and objective way, with the intention of informing
• Argumentative text: Presents arguments that defend/refute opinion/idea
• Instructive text: Presents steps , instructions, and guidelines that presents a detailed sequence of facts
• Descriptive text: Presents details of the characteristics of objects, people, environments, facts, descriptions, situations and scenery

Text Types by Discursive Intention and Form of Writing:

• Describing: Descriptive – news, letters, stories, novels
• Explaining: Expository – textbooks, lectures, summaries
• Telling: Narrative – stories, novels, songs, fables, reports
• Persuading/Arguing: Argumentative – essays, articles, poems
• Urging: Instructive – recipes, regulations, codes
• Informing: Informational – news, information, email
• Predicting: Predictive – horoscopes, letters (tarot)

Explore textual typology, including text as an intentional and communicative unit. The text describes the IES M. Angels Cardona, its location in Menorca, and its educational offerings in administration, mechanics, and cooking. The institute has classrooms, a library, two courtyards, a sports center, and a dining room.