Hist 226 Exam #3 Study Guide

Civil War in Texas

• Texas joined the Confederacy after seceding from the Union in 1861.
• Key battles included the Battle of Galveston and the Battle of Sabine Pass.
• General John B. Magruder was a notable Confederate leader.

Red River Campaign

• The Union attempted to invade Texas from Louisiana.
• The Confederate forces ultimately won, preventing Union control of Texas.

Reconstruction in Texas

• Presidential Reconstruction (1865-1867) and Congressional Reconstruction (1867-1870) were the two phases of Reconstruction in Texas.
• Policies during Reconstruction included re-admittance to the Union, a new state constitution, and civil rights for freed slaves.

Gordon Granger

• Union General Gordon Granger announced the end of slavery in Texas on June 19, 1865, which is now celebrated as Juneteenth.

Philip Sheridan’s July 1865 Order

• Military orders were issued to enforce Reconstruction policies.
• These orders strengthened federal control over Texas.

Andrew Johnson and Presidential Reconstruction

• President Andrew Johnson implemented a lenient approach towards the South, including the Amnesty Proclamation.
• Many former Confederates regained power during this period.

Congressional Reconstruction

• The Reconstruction Acts of 1867 divided the South into military districts.
• More stringent requirements were reinstated for re-admittance to the Union.

Andrew Jackson Hamilton and James W. Throckmorton

• Andrew Jackson Hamilton served as the provisional governor and supported Union policies.
• James W. Throckmorton became governor and opposed Radical Reconstruction.

Number of Former Slaves in Texas During Reconstruction Era

• Approximately 250,000 former slaves lived in Texas during the Reconstruction Era.
• Freed slaves faced challenges such as transitioning to freedom, economic hardship, and racial violence.

Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands

• The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands (Freedmen's Bureau) provided assistance to freed slaves in areas like education, employment, and legal matters.
• William G. Kirkman led the Freedmen's Bureau efforts in Texas.

Thirteenth Amendment

• The Thirteenth Amendment formally abolished slavery in the United States.
• It granted legal freedom to all enslaved people.

Fourteenth Amendment

• The Fourteenth Amendment established citizenship and guaranteed equal protection under the law to all Americans.
• This amendment had significant implications for civil rights and Reconstruction policies.

Fifteenth Amendment

• The Fifteenth Amendment prohibited voting discrimination based on race.
• Its goal was to protect the voting rights of African Americans.

“Buffalo Soldiers”

• African American soldiers who served on the Western frontier were known as “Buffalo Soldiers.”
• Their contributions included protecting settlers and building infrastructure.

Defending Against Comanche Raids

• Texas faced challenges in defending against Comanche raids due to a lack of resources and organized defense.
• These raids caused continued conflict and settlement disruption.

Post-Civil War Cattle Industry

• Cattle ranching and cattle drives to northern markets experienced a boom in the post-Civil War era.
• The development of this industry brought economic growth to Texas.

Populism in Texas

• Populism gained prominence in Texas with leaders like James Hogg.
• Populist movements advocating for farmers' rights and economic reforms emerged.
• "The Cleburne Demands" represented a populist platform that called for economic and political reforms.

Economic Changes in Texas in the Progressive Era

• Texas experienced industrialization, urbanization, and social reforms during the Progressive Era.
• These changes led to improved infrastructure and public services.

“The Lost Cause”

• The "Lost Cause" was an ideology that romanticized the Confederacy.
• This ideology shaped Southern identity and historical memory.

The Oil Industry in Texas

• The discovery of oil at Corsicana (1894) and Spindletop (1901) revolutionized the Texas economy and society.
• These discoveries marked key milestones in the development of the oil industry in Texas.

Urban Growth in Texas (1930)

• Industrialization, migration, and economic opportunities fueled rapid urban growth in Texas in the 1930s.
• Cities like Houston and Dallas experienced significant expansion.

1900 Hurricane

• The devastating 1900 hurricane struck Galveston, resulting in substantial loss of life and property.
• The disaster led to improvements in disaster preparedness and infrastructure.

Women and Blacks During the Progressive Era

• Women and African Americans played crucial roles in advocating for civil rights and suffrage during the Progressive Era.
• Notable figures like Minnie Fisher Cunningham and Norris Wright Cuney made significant contributions to these movements.

Tejanos and German Texans

• Tejanos and German Texans contributed significantly to Texas' culture and economy.
• They faced challenges such as discrimination and pressure to assimilate.

James Ferguson and Miriam “Ma” Ferguson

• James Ferguson was impeached as governor, while Miriam "Ma" Ferguson became the first female governor of Texas.
• Their political careers involved controversial policies and leadership.

Woodrow Wilson, Sam Rayburn, and Morris Sheppard

• Woodrow Wilson, Sam Rayburn, and Morris Sheppard were influential figures in national politics and Texas development.

World War I

• Texans made significant contributions to the war effort during World War I.
• The war led to economic and social changes in Texas.

Lifestyle of Leisure

• Social changes included increased leisure activities and a growing consumer culture.

Texas Women During World War I

• Texas women actively participated in the workforce and volunteer efforts during World War I.
• They supported the war effort and the suffrage movement.

“The New Woman”

• "The New Woman" concept represented modern, independent women who challenged traditional gender roles.
• This concept brought about social and cultural shifts in Texas.

“Ma” Ferguson

• Miriam "Ma" Ferguson became the first female governor of Texas, signifying women's political progress.

Election of 1924 and 1932

• Key issues during the elections of 1924 and 1932 included economic policies, Prohibition, and the Great Depression.
• The outcomes of these elections shaped both Texas and national politics.

Civil War in Texas

• Texas seceded from the Union in 1861 and joined the Confederacy
• Key battles included the Battle of Galveston and the Battle of Sabine Pass
• Notable leaders like General John B. Magruder

Red River Campaign

• Objective was for the Union to invade Texas via Louisiana
• Confederate victory, preventing Union control of Texas

Reconstruction in Texas

• Two phases: Presidential Reconstruction (1865-1867) and Congressional Reconstruction (1867-1870)
• Policies included re-admittance to the Union, a new state constitution, and civil rights for freed slaves

Gordon Granger

• Union General who announced the end of slavery in Texas on June 19, 1865 (Juneteenth)

Philip Sheridan’s July 1865 Order

• Military orders to enforce Reconstruction policies
• Strengthened federal control over Texas

Andrew Johnson and Presidential Reconstruction

• His policies featured a lenient approach towards the South, including the Amnesty Proclamation
• This allowed many former Confederates to regain power

Congressional Reconstruction

• Reconstruction Acts of 1867 divided the South into military districts
• More stringent requirements for re-admittance to the Union

Andrew Jackson Hamilton and James W. Throckmorton

• Hamilton: Provisional governor who supported Union policies
• Throckmorton: Governor who opposed Radical Reconstruction

Number of Former Slaves in Texas During Reconstruction Era

• Approximately 250,000 former slaves
• Challenges: transition to freedom, economic hardship, and racial violence

Thirteenth Amendment

• Abolished slavery in the United States
• Legal freedom for all enslaved people

Fourteenth Amendment

• Granted citizenship and equal protection under the law
• Significant for civil rights and Reconstruction policies

Fifteenth Amendment

• Prohibited voting discrimination based on race
• Aimed to protect African American voting rights

"Buffalo Soldiers"

• African American soldiers who served on the Western frontier
• Helped protect settlers and build infrastructure

Defending Against Comanche Raids

• Lack of resources and organized defense made this a challenge
• Continued conflict and settlement disruption

Post-Civil War Cattle Industry

• Growth of cattle ranching and drives to northern markets
• Economic boom for Texas

Populism in Texas

• Leaders like James Hogg
• Advocated for farmers' rights and economic reforms
• "The Cleburne Demands" was their platform, calling for economic and political reforms

Economic Changes in Texas in the Progressive Era

• Industrialization, urbanization, and social reforms
• Improved infrastructure and public services

"The Lost Cause"

• Romanticized view of the Confederacy
• Shaped Southern identity and historical memory

The Oil Industry in Texas

• Key Events: Discovery of oil at Corsicana (1894) and Spindletop (1901)
• Transformed Texas economy and society

Urban Growth in Texas (1930)

• Factors: Industrialization, migration, and economic opportunities
• Rapid expansion of cities like Houston and Dallas

1900 Hurricane

• Devastated Galveston, leading to significant loss of life and property
• Response: Improved disaster preparedness and infrastructure

Women and Blacks During the Progressive Era

• Advocacy for civil rights and suffrage
• Leaders like Minnie Fisher Cunningham and Norris Wright Cuney

Tejanos and German Texans

• Cultural and economic influence in Texas
• Faced discrimination and cultural assimilation pressures

James Ferguson and Miriam "Ma" Ferguson

• James was impeached; Miriam became the first female governor of Texas
• Controversial policies and leadership

Woodrow Wilson, Sam Rayburn, and Morris Sheppard

• Influential in national politics and Texas development

World War I

• Texans made significant contributions to the war effort
• Economic and social changes in Texas

Lifestyle of Leisure

• Increased leisure activities and consumer culture

Texas Women During World War I

• Participation in the workforce and volunteer efforts
• Support for the war effort and the suffrage movement

“The New Woman”

• Modern, independent women challenging traditional roles
• Social and cultural shifts in Texas

“Ma” Ferguson

• First female governor of Texas
• Symbol of women's political progress

Election of 1924 and 1932

• Key Issues: Economic policies, Prohibition, and the Great Depression
• Shaped Texas and national politics