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Questions and Answers
The testis is the main gonad made up of what?
The testis is the main gonad made up of what?
What is the outer layer of the testis?
What is the outer layer of the testis?
The tunica vaginalis is important for staging testicular tumors.
The tunica vaginalis is important for staging testicular tumors.
True
Which of the following is NOT a component of the testis?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the testis?
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What is the primary function of Leydig cells?
What is the primary function of Leydig cells?
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What is the function of Sertoli cells?
What is the function of Sertoli cells?
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Where are male gametes stored?
Where are male gametes stored?
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Which of the following is a common symptom of testicular cancer?
Which of the following is a common symptom of testicular cancer?
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Testicular cancer is the most common type of cancer in men.
Testicular cancer is the most common type of cancer in men.
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What is the most prevalent type of testicular tumor?
What is the most prevalent type of testicular tumor?
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Which of the following risk factors for testicular cancer is associated with the highest increased risk?
Which of the following risk factors for testicular cancer is associated with the highest increased risk?
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The Yolk sac tumor is associated with what?
The Yolk sac tumor is associated with what?
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Which type of tumor is characterized by a multinodular surface and a true capsule?
Which type of tumor is characterized by a multinodular surface and a true capsule?
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Lymphocytes are always present in seminomas.
Lymphocytes are always present in seminomas.
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Which of the following germ cell tumors is the second most common type?
Which of the following germ cell tumors is the second most common type?
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Embryonal carcinoma is associated with high levels of AFP.
Embryonal carcinoma is associated with high levels of AFP.
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Which of the following tumor types is the least responsive to chemotherapy?
Which of the following tumor types is the least responsive to chemotherapy?
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Which of the following is a symptom of the choriocarcinoma syndrome?
Which of the following is a symptom of the choriocarcinoma syndrome?
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Leydig cell tumor is only found in children.
Leydig cell tumor is only found in children.
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What is the appearance of Leydig cell tumors?
What is the appearance of Leydig cell tumors?
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What is the most common sign of Leydig cell tumor in children?
What is the most common sign of Leydig cell tumor in children?
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What is the staging system for testicular cancer based on?
What is the staging system for testicular cancer based on?
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A higher serum marker concentration indicates a higher risk of metastasis.
A higher serum marker concentration indicates a higher risk of metastasis.
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A 30-year-old man presents with a testicular mass. Which tumor type is most likely?
A 30-year-old man presents with a testicular mass. Which tumor type is most likely?
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A patient with a germ cell tumor has a high level of hCG. Which tumor type is most likely present?
A patient with a germ cell tumor has a high level of hCG. Which tumor type is most likely present?
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The presence of giant syncytiotrophoblasts in a seminoma is considered a positive prognostic factor.
The presence of giant syncytiotrophoblasts in a seminoma is considered a positive prognostic factor.
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Prepubertal teratomas are always benign.
Prepubertal teratomas are always benign.
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Mixed germ cell tumors are always more aggressive than pure germ cell tumors.
Mixed germ cell tumors are always more aggressive than pure germ cell tumors.
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A 37-year-old man with bilateral breast enlargement and a firm right testis is likely to have which tumor type?
A 37-year-old man with bilateral breast enlargement and a firm right testis is likely to have which tumor type?
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Leydig cell tumors are always associated with a malignant outcome.
Leydig cell tumors are always associated with a malignant outcome.
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What is the diagnostic hallmark of Leydig cell tumors?
What is the diagnostic hallmark of Leydig cell tumors?
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Study Notes
Testis Tumors
- The testis is the primary reproductive organ composed of tubules.
- The testis is covered by the tunica albuginea and peritoneum.
- During fetal development, the gonads move outside the peritoneum, which is the retroperitoneum.
- The tunica vaginalis, a mesothelial covering, includes a visceral layer on the testis and a parietal layer on the scrotum.
- The tunica albuginea staging does not change with tumor infiltration, but the tunica vaginalis staging does.
- The gonads are responsible for reproduction, having stromal and parenchymal components.
- Stromal component supports and produces hormones; Leydig cells are the primary type of stromal cell.
- Parenchymal component (seminiferous tubules) undergoes spermatogenesis, producing male gametes. Sertoli cells are involved.
- Germ cell tumors are the most common in puberty and young adulthood.
Testicular Tumor Prevalence
- Testicular tumors comprise about 1% of all male cancers.
- The majority of testicular tumors are germ cell tumors.
- The incidence rate of testicular tumors has increased, while the death rate has decreased.
- Testicular cancers commonly occur between puberty and young adulthood.
- Risk factors include prior testicular tumors, family history, cryptorchidism (undescended testes), and androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS).
- A number of testicular tumors exhibit increased risk of death and/or metastasis.
Germ Cell Tumors
- Germ cell tumors are broadly categorized into seminomas and nonseminomas.
- Seminomas peak in adulthood, while nonseminomas peak in adolescence.
- Risk factors include prior testicular tumors, family history, cryptorchidism, and genetic conditions.
Germ Cell Tumor Classification
- Tumors are classified based on origin (GCNIS related vs. not) and microscopic morphology.
- Seminomas resemble somatic cells.
- Teratomas resemble embryonic stem cells.
- Embryonal carcinomas resemble embryonic stem cells.
- Yolk sac tumors resemble yolk sac cells.
- Choriocarcinomas resemble placental cells
Physiological Role
- OCT4 and c-KIT markers are important immunochemical markers distinguishing GCNIS and non-GCNIS related tumors.
- Primordial germ cells express OCT4 and c-KIT during normal maturation, but eventually, gene expression is suppressed.
- Inappropriate continued gene expression of OCT4 and c-KIT can lead to risk factor-triggered carcinogenic outcomes. Environmental stressors can also impact this process.
Other Important Types of Tumors
- Choriocarcinoma: produces high levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).
- Yolk sac tumors commonly produce high levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP).
- Seminomas may have elevated hCG levels.
Mixed Germ Cell Tumors
- Common combinations of non-seminomatous germ cell tumors include:
- Embryonal carcinoma + teratoma
- Embryonal carcinoma + seminoma
- Embryonal Carcinoma + YST + teratoma
- Other combinations.
Gross and Microscopic Appearance Key Characteristics
- Provide detailed descriptions of both gross and microscopic appearances and distinguishing characteristics for specific tumor types (seminomas, teratomas, embryonal carcinomas, etc.), such as cell morphology and tissue architecture.
- Include detailed descriptions of tumor characteristics in terms of size, shape, color, and consistency to assist in differential diagnosis.
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Description
Explore the essential aspects of testis tumors, including their structure, staging, and the components involved in reproduction. This quiz covers the anatomy of the testis and the significance of germ cell tumors during puberty and young adulthood. Test your knowledge on the prevalence and types of testicular tumors.
