Test Your Understanding of the Nyquist Limit and Binary Amplitude Encoding
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Questions and Answers

Information transfer is a ______ process

physical

In this class, we generally care about electrical signals (on a ______)

wire

In this class, we generally care about optical signals (in a ______)

fiber

Information carriers can also be sound ______

<p>waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

Information carriers can also be ______ states

<p>quantum</p> Signup and view all the answers

Information carriers can also be ______ & paper, etc.

<p>ink</p> Signup and view all the answers

Amplitude Modulation (AM) changes the ______ of the signal.

<p>strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

Modulation is the process of changing a signal to convey ______.

<p>information</p> Signup and view all the answers

Frequency Modulation (FM) changes the ______ of the signal.

<p>frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phase Modulation (PM) changes the ______ of the signal.

<p>phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Baseband modulation sends the ______ signal.

<p>bare</p> Signup and view all the answers

Carrier modulation uses the signal to modulate a higher frequency signal (carrier) and can be viewed as the ______ of the two signals.

<p>product</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aggressive encoding techniques make the signal less sensitive to ______

<p>noise</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bandwidth and distance of networks is limited by the physical properties of the ______

<p>media</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nyquist gives a rough idea of ______ throughput

<p>idealized</p> Signup and view all the answers

Low bandwidth channels require ______ encoding

<p>sophisticated</p> Signup and view all the answers

High bandwidth channels require ______ encoding

<p>simpler</p> Signup and view all the answers

Shannon's formula for channel capacity: C = B x log2(1 + S/N)

<p>C = B x log_2(1 + S/N)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Nyquist Limit assumes binary ______ encoding

<p>amplitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

A noiseless channel of width H can at most transmit a binary signal at a rate 2 x ______

<p>H</p> Signup and view all the answers

Instead of 0/1, use lots of different ______ to get past the Nyquist Limit

<p>values</p> Signup and view all the answers

Every transmission medium supports transmission in a certain fixed ______ range

<p>frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

Shannon's theorem: C = B x log2(1 + S/N), where C is maximum capacity (bps), B is channel bandwidth (Hz), and S/N is signal to noise ______ of the channel

<p>ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

Noise, attenuation, and dispersion limit the ______ that a channel can sustain

<p>data rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Frequency versus Time-division Multiplexing: With TDM different users send at different times. I.e. each user can send at full speed some of the time. Example: ______.

<p>time-share condo</p> Signup and view all the answers

Copper Wire: Unshielded twisted pair (UTP). Two copper wires twisted - avoid antenna effect. Grouped into cables: multiple pairs with common sheath. Category 3 (voice grade) versus category 5. 100 Mbit/s up to 100 m, 1 Mbit/s up to a few km. Cost: ~ 10cents/foot. ______.

<p>Coax cables</p> Signup and view all the answers

UTP: Why twist wires. ______.

<p>Provide noise immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fiber Types: Multimode fiber. 62.5 or 50 micron core carries multiple 'modes'. Used at 1.3 microns, usually LED source. Subject to mode dispersion: different propagation modes travel at different speeds. Typical limit: 1 Gbps at 100m. ______.

<p>Single mode</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gigabit Ethernet: Physical Layer Comparison. Medium. Transmit/ receive Distance. Comment. Copper. Twisted pair. 1000BASE-CX. 1000BASE-T. 25 m. 100 m machine room use four twisted pairs, IEEE 802.3ab. MM fiber. 62 mm. 1000BASE-SX. 1000BASE-LX. 260 m. 500 m. MM fiber. 50 mm. 1000BASE-SX. 1000BASE-LX. 525 m. 550 m. SM fiber. 1000BASE-LX. 5000 m. Twisted pair. 100BASE-T. 100 m. MM fiber. 100BASE-SX. 2000m. ______.

<p>Twisted pair 1000BASE-T 100 m</p> Signup and view all the answers

Wireless Technologies: Great technology: no wires to install, convenient mobility, ... High attenuation limits distances. Wave propagates out as a sphere Huh. 2 in free space, typically 2 to 6. Signal strength attenuates quickly → 1/d3. High noise due to interference from other ______.

<p>transmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

Amplitude Modulation (AM) changes the ______ of the signal.

<p>strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

Frequency Modulation (FM) changes the ______ of the signal.

<p>frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phase Modulation (PM) changes the ______ of the signal.

<p>phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Baseband modulation sends the ______ signal.

<p>bare</p> Signup and view all the answers

Carrier modulation uses the signal to modulate a higher frequency signal (carrier) and can be viewed as the ______ of the two signals.

<p>product</p> Signup and view all the answers

A noiseless channel of width H can at most transmit a binary signal at a rate 2 x ______.

<p>H</p> Signup and view all the answers

Shannon's theorem: C = B x log2(1 + S/N), where C is maximum capacity (bps), B is channel bandwidth (Hz), and S/N is signal to noise ______ of the channel

<p>ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

Frequency Modulation (FM) changes the ______ of the signal.

<p>frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

Every transmission medium supports transmission in a certain fixed ______ range

<p>frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

Amplitude Modulation (AM) changes the ______ of the signal.

<p>amplitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

High bandwidth channels require ______ encoding

<p>aggressive</p> Signup and view all the answers

Instead of 0/1, use lots of different ______ to get past the Nyquist Limit

<p>values</p> Signup and view all the answers

Shannon's formula for channel capacity: C = B x log2(1 + S/N), where C is maximum capacity (bps), B is channel bandwidth (Hz), and S/N is signal to noise ______ of the channel

<p>ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aggressive encoding techniques make the signal less sensitive to ______

<p>noise</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Nyquist Limit assumes binary ______ encoding

<p>pulse</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nyquist gives a rough idea of ______ throughput

<p>idealized</p> Signup and view all the answers

Every transmission medium supports transmission in a certain fixed ______ range

<p>frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

Information carriers can also be ______ & paper, etc.

<p>pen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Wireless Technologies: Great technology: no wires to install, convenient mobility, ... High attenuation limits distances. Wave propagates out as a sphere Huh. $2$ in free space, typically $2$ to $6$. Signal strength attenuates quickly → $1/d^3$. High noise due to interference from other ______.

<p>devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

In this class, we generally care about electrical signals (on a ______).

<p>wire</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fiber Types: Multimode fiber. $62.5$ or $50$ micron core carries multiple 'modes'. Used at $1.3$ microns, usually LED source. Subject to mode dispersion: different propagation modes travel at different speeds. Typical limit: $1$ Gbps at $100$m. ______.

<p>Multimode fiber</p> Signup and view all the answers

Copper Wire: Unshielded twisted pair (UTP). Two copper wires twisted - avoid antenna effect. Grouped into cables: multiple pairs with common sheath. Category $3$ (voice grade) versus category $5$. $100$ Mbit/s up to $100$ m, $1$ Mbit/s up to a few km. Cost: ~ $10$cents/foot. ______.

<p>Unshielded twisted pair (UTP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gigabit Ethernet: Physical Layer Comparison. Medium. Transmit/ receive Distance. Comment. Copper. Twisted pair. $1000$BASE-CX. $1000$BASE-T. $25$ m. $100$ m machine room use four twisted pairs, IEEE $802.3ab$. MM fiber. $62$ mm. $1000$BASE-SX. $1000$BASE-LX. $260$ m. $500$ m. MM fiber. $50$ mm. $1000$BASE-SX. $1000$BASE-LX. $525$ m. $550$ m. SM fiber. $1000$BASE-LX. $5000$ m. Twisted pair. $100$BASE-T. $100$ m. MM fiber. $100$BASE-SX. $2000$m. ______.

<p>SM fiber</p> Signup and view all the answers

Frequency versus Time-division Multiplexing: With TDM different users send at different times. I.e. each user can send at full speed some of the time. Example: ______.

<p>cellular networks</p> Signup and view all the answers

Frequency versus Time-division Multiplexing: With TDM different users send at different times. I.e. each user can send at full speed some of the time. Example: ______.

<p>time-share condo</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gigabit Ethernet: Physical Layer Comparison. Medium. Transmit/ receive Distance. Comment. Copper. Twisted pair. 1000BASE-CX. 1000BASE-T. 25 m. 100 m machine room use four twisted pairs, IEEE 802.3ab. MM fiber. 62 mm. 1000BASE-SX. 1000BASE-LX. 260 m. 500 m. MM fiber. 50 mm. 1000BASE-SX. 1000BASE-LX. 525 m. 550 m. SM fiber. 1000BASE-LX. 5000 m. Twisted pair. 100BASE-T. 100 m. MM fiber. 100BASE-SX. 2000m. ______.

<p>100BASE-SX</p> Signup and view all the answers

Wireless Technologies: Great technology: no wires to install, convenient mobility, ... High attenuation limits distances. Wave propagates out as a sphere Huh. 2 in free space, typically 2 to 6. Signal strength attenuates quickly → 1/d3. High noise due to interference from other ______.

<p>transmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

Copper Wire: Unshielded twisted pair (UTP). Two copper wires twisted - avoid antenna effect. Grouped into cables: multiple pairs with common sheath. Category 3 (voice grade) versus category 5. 100 Mbit/s up to 100 m, 1 Mbit/s up to a few km. Cost: ~ 10cents/foot. ______.

<p>Coax cables</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fiber Types: Multimode fiber. 62.5 or 50 micron core carries multiple 'modes'. Used at 1.3 microns, usually LED source. Subject to mode dispersion: different propagation modes travel at different speeds. Typical limit: 1 Gbps at 100m. ______.

<p>Single mode</p> Signup and view all the answers

UTP: Why twist wires. ______.

<p>Provide noise immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Modulation is the process of changing a signal to convey ______.

<p>information</p> Signup and view all the answers

Frequency Modulation (FM) changes the ______ of the signal.

<p>frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

Amplitude Modulation (AM) changes the ______ of the signal.

<p>strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phase Modulation (PM) changes the ______ of the signal.

<p>phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Carrier modulation uses the signal to modulate a higher frequency signal (carrier) and can be viewed as the ______ of the two signals.

<p>product</p> Signup and view all the answers

A noiseless channel of width H can at most transmit a binary signal at a rate 2 x ______.

<p>H</p> Signup and view all the answers

Shannon's theorem: C = B x log2(1 + S/N), where C is maximum capacity (bps), B is channel bandwidth (Hz), and S/N is signal to noise ______ of the channel

<p>ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

Every transmission medium supports transmission in a certain fixed ______ range

<p>frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

Instead of 0/1, use lots of different ______ to get past the Nyquist Limit

<p>values</p> Signup and view all the answers

Shannon's formula for channel capacity: ______

<p>C = B x log2(1 + S/N)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Frequency versus Time-division Multiplexing: With TDM different users send at different times. I.e. each user can send at full speed some of the time. Example: ______.

<p>multiplexing</p> Signup and view all the answers

High bandwidth channels require ______ encoding

<p>aggressive</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bandwidth and distance of networks is limited by the physical properties of the ______

<p>media</p> Signup and view all the answers

Shannon's formula for channel capacity: C = B x log2(1 + S/N), where C is maximum capacity (bps), B is channel bandwidth (Hz), and S/N is signal to noise ______ of the channel

<p>ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aggressive encoding techniques make the signal less sensitive to ______

<p>noise</p> Signup and view all the answers

Copper Wire: Unshielded twisted pair (UTP). Two copper wires twisted - avoid antenna effect. Grouped into cables: multiple pairs with common sheath. Category 3 (voice grade) versus category 5. 100 Mbit/s up to 100 m, 1 Mbit/s up to a few km. Cost: ~ 10 cents/foot. ______.

<p>UTP</p> Signup and view all the answers

Frequency versus Time-division Multiplexing: With TDM different users send at different times. I.e. each user can send at full speed some of the time. Example: ______.

<p>FDMA</p> Signup and view all the answers

Wireless Technologies: Great technology: no wires to install, convenient mobility, ... High attenuation limits distances. Wave propagates out as a sphere Huh. 2 in free space, typically 2 to 6. Signal strength attenuates quickly → 1/d3. High noise due to interference from other ______.

<p>sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

Frequency versus Time-division Multiplexing: With TDM different users send at different times. I.e. each user can send at full speed some of the time. Example: ______.

<p>time-share condo</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fiber Types: Multimode fiber. 62.5 or 50 micron core carries multiple 'modes'. Used at 1.3 microns, usually LED source. Subject to mode dispersion: different propagation modes travel at different speeds. Typical limit: 1 Gbps at 100m. ______.

<p>Single mode</p> Signup and view all the answers

UTP: Why twist wires. ______.

<p>Provide noise immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Copper Wire: Unshielded twisted pair (UTP). Two copper wires twisted - avoid antenna effect. Grouped into cables: multiple pairs with common sheath. Category 3 (voice grade) versus category 5. 100 Mbit/s up to 100 m, 1 Mbit/s up to a few km. Cost: ~ 10cents/foot. ______.

<p>Coax cables</p> Signup and view all the answers

Wireless Technologies: Great technology: no wires to install, convenient mobility, ... High attenuation limits distances. Wave propagates out as a sphere Huh. 2 in free space, typically 2 to 6. Signal strength attenuates quickly → 1/d3. High noise due to interference from other ______.

<p>transmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gigabit Ethernet: Physical Layer Comparison. Medium. Transmit/ receive Distance. Comment. Copper. Twisted pair. 1000BASE-CX. 1000BASE-T. 25 m. 100 m machine room use four twisted pairs, IEEE 802.3ab. MM fiber. 62 mm. 1000BASE-SX. 1000BASE-LX. 260 m. 500 m. MM fiber. 50 mm. 1000BASE-SX. 1000BASE-LX. 525 m. 550 m. SM fiber. 1000BASE-LX. 5000 m. Twisted pair. 100BASE-T. 100 m. MM fiber. 100BASE-SX. 2000m. ______.

<p>1000BASE-LX</p> Signup and view all the answers

Wireless Technologies: Great technology: no wires to install, convenient mobility, ... High attenuation limits distances. Wave propagates out as a sphere Huh. $2$ in free space, typically $2$ to $6$. Signal strength attenuates quickly → $1/d^3$. High noise due to interference from other ______.

<p>devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phase Modulation (PM) changes the ______ of the signal.

<p>phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fiber Types: Multimode fiber. $62.5$ or $50$ micron core carries multiple 'modes'. Used at $1.3$ microns, usually LED source. Subject to mode dispersion: different propagation modes travel at different speeds. Typical limit: $1$ Gbps at $100$m. ______.

<p>multimode</p> Signup and view all the answers

Every transmission medium supports transmission in a certain fixed ______ range.

<p>frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

Modulation is the process of changing a signal to convey ______.

<p>information</p> Signup and view all the answers

In this class, we generally care about electrical signals (on a ______).

<p>wire</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aggressive encoding techniques make the signal less sensitive to ______

<p>noise</p> Signup and view all the answers

Every transmission medium supports transmission in a certain fixed ______ range

<p>frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nyquist gives a rough idea of ______ throughput

<p>idealized</p> Signup and view all the answers

Every transmission medium supports transmission in a certain fixed ______ range

<p>bandwidth</p> Signup and view all the answers

Amplitude Modulation (AM) changes the ______ of the signal

<p>amplitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

Carrier modulation uses the signal to modulate a higher frequency signal (carrier) and can be viewed as the ______ of the two signals

<p>multiplication</p> Signup and view all the answers

Information transfer is a physical process. In this class, we generally care about ______ signals (on a wire)

<p>Electrical</p> Signup and view all the answers

Information carriers can also be ______ waves

<p>EM</p> Signup and view all the answers

Physical layer. Datalink layer introduction, framing, error coding, switched networks. Broadcast-networks, home networking. F'11 Application Presentation Session Transport Network ______ Physical

<p>Datalink</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bandwidth and distance of networks is limited by the physical properties of the ______

<p>Transmission medium</p> Signup and view all the answers

Wireless Technologies: Great technology: no wires to install, convenient mobility, ... High attenuation limits distances. Wave propagates out as a sphere Huh. 2 in free space, typically 2 to 6. Signal strength attenuates quickly → 1/d^3. High noise due to interference from other ______

<p>Sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Nyquist Limit assumes binary ______ encoding

<p>Pulse</p> Signup and view all the answers

Shannon's theorem: C = B x log2(1 + S/N), where C is maximum capacity (bps), B is channel bandwidth (Hz), and S/N is signal to noise ______ of the channel

<p>ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fiber Types: Multimode fiber. 62.5 or 50 micron core carries multiple 'modes'. Used at 1.3 microns, usually LED source. Subject to mode dispersion: different propagation modes travel at different speeds. Typical limit: 1 Gbps at 100m. ______.

<p>MM fiber</p> Signup and view all the answers

A noiseless channel of width H can at most transmit a binary signal at a rate 2 x ______.

<p>H</p> Signup and view all the answers

High bandwidth channels require ______ encoding

<p>aggressive</p> Signup and view all the answers

Every transmission medium supports transmission in a certain fixed ______ range.

<p>frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

Instead of 0/1, use lots of different ______ to get past the Nyquist Limit

<p>values</p> Signup and view all the answers

Frequency Modulation (FM) changes the ______ of the signal.

<p>frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

Amplitude Modulation (AM) changes the ______ of the signal.

<p>strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phase Modulation (PM) changes the ______ of the signal.

<p>phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Baseband modulation sends the ______ signal.

<p>bare</p> Signup and view all the answers

Carrier modulation uses the signal to modulate a higher frequency signal (carrier) and can be viewed as the ______ of the two signals.

<p>product</p> Signup and view all the answers

Every transmission medium supports transmission in a certain fixed ______ range.

<p>frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

Frequency versus Time-division Multiplexing: With TDM different users send at different times. I.e. each user can send at full speed some of the time. Example: ______.

<p>time-share condo</p> Signup and view all the answers

Copper Wire: Unshielded twisted pair (UTP). Two copper wires twisted - avoid antenna effect. Grouped into cables: multiple pairs with common sheath. Category 3 (voice grade) versus category 5. 100 Mbit/s up to 100 m, 1 Mbit/s up to a few km. Cost: ~ 10cents/foot. ______.

<p>Coax cables</p> Signup and view all the answers

Wireless Technologies: Great technology: no wires to install, convenient mobility, ... High attenuation limits distances. Wave propagates out as a sphere Huh. 2 in free space, typically 2 to 6. Signal strength attenuates quickly → 1/d3. High noise due to interference from other ______.

<p>transmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fiber Types: Multimode fiber. 62.5 or 50 micron core carries multiple 'modes'. Used at 1.3 microns, usually LED source. Subject to mode dispersion: different propagation modes travel at different speeds. Typical limit: 1 Gbps at 100m. ______.

<p>Single mode</p> Signup and view all the answers

Carrier modulation uses the signal to modulate a higher frequency signal (carrier) and can be viewed as the ______ of the two signals.

<p>product</p> Signup and view all the answers

Modulation is the process of changing a signal to convey ______.

<p>information</p> Signup and view all the answers

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