Test Your Understanding of the Nyquist Limit and Binary Amplitude Encoding

Information transfer is a ______ process

In this class, we generally care about electrical signals (on a ______)

In this class, we generally care about optical signals (in a ______)

Information carriers can also be sound ______

Information carriers can also be ______ states

Information carriers can also be ______ & paper, etc.

Amplitude Modulation (AM) changes the ______ of the signal.

Modulation is the process of changing a signal to convey ______.

Frequency Modulation (FM) changes the ______ of the signal.

Phase Modulation (PM) changes the ______ of the signal.

Baseband modulation sends the ______ signal.

Carrier modulation uses the signal to modulate a higher frequency signal (carrier) and can be viewed as the ______ of the two signals.

Aggressive encoding techniques make the signal less sensitive to ______

Bandwidth and distance of networks is limited by the physical properties of the ______

Nyquist gives a rough idea of ______ throughput

Low bandwidth channels require ______ encoding

High bandwidth channels require ______ encoding

Shannon's formula for channel capacity: C = B x log2(1 + S/N)

The Nyquist Limit assumes binary ______ encoding

A noiseless channel of width H can at most transmit a binary signal at a rate 2 x ______

Instead of 0/1, use lots of different ______ to get past the Nyquist Limit

Every transmission medium supports transmission in a certain fixed ______ range

Shannon's theorem: C = B x log2(1 + S/N), where C is maximum capacity (bps), B is channel bandwidth (Hz), and S/N is signal to noise ______ of the channel

Noise, attenuation, and dispersion limit the ______ that a channel can sustain

Frequency versus Time-division Multiplexing: With TDM different users send at different times. I.e. each user can send at full speed some of the time. Example: ______.

Copper Wire: Unshielded twisted pair (UTP). Two copper wires twisted - avoid antenna effect. Grouped into cables: multiple pairs with common sheath. Category 3 (voice grade) versus category 5. 100 Mbit/s up to 100 m, 1 Mbit/s up to a few km. Cost: ~ 10cents/foot. ______.

UTP: Why twist wires. ______.

Fiber Types: Multimode fiber. 62.5 or 50 micron core carries multiple 'modes'. Used at 1.3 microns, usually LED source. Subject to mode dispersion: different propagation modes travel at different speeds. Typical limit: 1 Gbps at 100m. ______.

Gigabit Ethernet: Physical Layer Comparison. Medium. Transmit/ receive Distance. Comment. Copper. Twisted pair. 1000BASE-CX. 1000BASE-T. 25 m. 100 m machine room use four twisted pairs, IEEE 802.3ab. MM fiber. 62 mm. 1000BASE-SX. 1000BASE-LX. 260 m. 500 m. MM fiber. 50 mm. 1000BASE-SX. 1000BASE-LX. 525 m. 550 m. SM fiber. 1000BASE-LX. 5000 m. Twisted pair. 100BASE-T. 100 m. MM fiber. 100BASE-SX. 2000m. ______.

Wireless Technologies: Great technology: no wires to install, convenient mobility, ... High attenuation limits distances. Wave propagates out as a sphere Huh. 2 in free space, typically 2 to 6. Signal strength attenuates quickly → 1/d3. High noise due to interference from other ______.

Amplitude Modulation (AM) changes the ______ of the signal.

Frequency Modulation (FM) changes the ______ of the signal.

Phase Modulation (PM) changes the ______ of the signal.

Baseband modulation sends the ______ signal.

Carrier modulation uses the signal to modulate a higher frequency signal (carrier) and can be viewed as the ______ of the two signals.

A noiseless channel of width H can at most transmit a binary signal at a rate 2 x ______.

Shannon's theorem: C = B x log2(1 + S/N), where C is maximum capacity (bps), B is channel bandwidth (Hz), and S/N is signal to noise ______ of the channel

Frequency Modulation (FM) changes the ______ of the signal.

Every transmission medium supports transmission in a certain fixed ______ range

Amplitude Modulation (AM) changes the ______ of the signal.

High bandwidth channels require ______ encoding

Instead of 0/1, use lots of different ______ to get past the Nyquist Limit

Shannon's formula for channel capacity: C = B x log2(1 + S/N), where C is maximum capacity (bps), B is channel bandwidth (Hz), and S/N is signal to noise ______ of the channel

Aggressive encoding techniques make the signal less sensitive to ______

The Nyquist Limit assumes binary ______ encoding

Nyquist gives a rough idea of ______ throughput

Every transmission medium supports transmission in a certain fixed ______ range

Information carriers can also be ______ & paper, etc.

Wireless Technologies: Great technology: no wires to install, convenient mobility, ... High attenuation limits distances. Wave propagates out as a sphere Huh. $2$ in free space, typically $2$ to $6$. Signal strength attenuates quickly → $1/d^3$. High noise due to interference from other ______.

In this class, we generally care about electrical signals (on a ______).

Fiber Types: Multimode fiber. $62.5$ or $50$ micron core carries multiple 'modes'. Used at $1.3$ microns, usually LED source. Subject to mode dispersion: different propagation modes travel at different speeds. Typical limit: $1$ Gbps at $100$m. ______.

Copper Wire: Unshielded twisted pair (UTP). Two copper wires twisted - avoid antenna effect. Grouped into cables: multiple pairs with common sheath. Category $3$ (voice grade) versus category $5$. $100$ Mbit/s up to $100$ m, $1$ Mbit/s up to a few km. Cost: ~ $10$cents/foot. ______.

Gigabit Ethernet: Physical Layer Comparison. Medium. Transmit/ receive Distance. Comment. Copper. Twisted pair. $1000$BASE-CX. $1000$BASE-T. $25$ m. $100$ m machine room use four twisted pairs, IEEE $802.3ab$. MM fiber. $62$ mm. $1000$BASE-SX. $1000$BASE-LX. $260$ m. $500$ m. MM fiber. $50$ mm. $1000$BASE-SX. $1000$BASE-LX. $525$ m. $550$ m. SM fiber. $1000$BASE-LX. $5000$ m. Twisted pair. $100$BASE-T. $100$ m. MM fiber. $100$BASE-SX. $2000$m. ______.

Frequency versus Time-division Multiplexing: With TDM different users send at different times. I.e. each user can send at full speed some of the time. Example: ______.

Frequency versus Time-division Multiplexing: With TDM different users send at different times. I.e. each user can send at full speed some of the time. Example: ______.

Gigabit Ethernet: Physical Layer Comparison. Medium. Transmit/ receive Distance. Comment. Copper. Twisted pair. 1000BASE-CX. 1000BASE-T. 25 m. 100 m machine room use four twisted pairs, IEEE 802.3ab. MM fiber. 62 mm. 1000BASE-SX. 1000BASE-LX. 260 m. 500 m. MM fiber. 50 mm. 1000BASE-SX. 1000BASE-LX. 525 m. 550 m. SM fiber. 1000BASE-LX. 5000 m. Twisted pair. 100BASE-T. 100 m. MM fiber. 100BASE-SX. 2000m. ______.

Wireless Technologies: Great technology: no wires to install, convenient mobility, ... High attenuation limits distances. Wave propagates out as a sphere Huh. 2 in free space, typically 2 to 6. Signal strength attenuates quickly → 1/d3. High noise due to interference from other ______.

Copper Wire: Unshielded twisted pair (UTP). Two copper wires twisted - avoid antenna effect. Grouped into cables: multiple pairs with common sheath. Category 3 (voice grade) versus category 5. 100 Mbit/s up to 100 m, 1 Mbit/s up to a few km. Cost: ~ 10cents/foot. ______.

Fiber Types: Multimode fiber. 62.5 or 50 micron core carries multiple 'modes'. Used at 1.3 microns, usually LED source. Subject to mode dispersion: different propagation modes travel at different speeds. Typical limit: 1 Gbps at 100m. ______.

UTP: Why twist wires. ______.

Modulation is the process of changing a signal to convey ______.

Frequency Modulation (FM) changes the ______ of the signal.

Amplitude Modulation (AM) changes the ______ of the signal.

Phase Modulation (PM) changes the ______ of the signal.

Carrier modulation uses the signal to modulate a higher frequency signal (carrier) and can be viewed as the ______ of the two signals.

A noiseless channel of width H can at most transmit a binary signal at a rate 2 x ______.

Shannon's theorem: C = B x log2(1 + S/N), where C is maximum capacity (bps), B is channel bandwidth (Hz), and S/N is signal to noise ______ of the channel

Every transmission medium supports transmission in a certain fixed ______ range

Instead of 0/1, use lots of different ______ to get past the Nyquist Limit

Shannon's formula for channel capacity: ______

Frequency versus Time-division Multiplexing: With TDM different users send at different times. I.e. each user can send at full speed some of the time. Example: ______.

High bandwidth channels require ______ encoding

Bandwidth and distance of networks is limited by the physical properties of the ______

Shannon's formula for channel capacity: C = B x log2(1 + S/N), where C is maximum capacity (bps), B is channel bandwidth (Hz), and S/N is signal to noise ______ of the channel

Aggressive encoding techniques make the signal less sensitive to ______

Copper Wire: Unshielded twisted pair (UTP). Two copper wires twisted - avoid antenna effect. Grouped into cables: multiple pairs with common sheath. Category 3 (voice grade) versus category 5. 100 Mbit/s up to 100 m, 1 Mbit/s up to a few km. Cost: ~ 10 cents/foot. ______.

Frequency versus Time-division Multiplexing: With TDM different users send at different times. I.e. each user can send at full speed some of the time. Example: ______.

Wireless Technologies: Great technology: no wires to install, convenient mobility, ... High attenuation limits distances. Wave propagates out as a sphere Huh. 2 in free space, typically 2 to 6. Signal strength attenuates quickly → 1/d3. High noise due to interference from other ______.

Frequency versus Time-division Multiplexing: With TDM different users send at different times. I.e. each user can send at full speed some of the time. Example: ______.

Fiber Types: Multimode fiber. 62.5 or 50 micron core carries multiple 'modes'. Used at 1.3 microns, usually LED source. Subject to mode dispersion: different propagation modes travel at different speeds. Typical limit: 1 Gbps at 100m. ______.

UTP: Why twist wires. ______.

Copper Wire: Unshielded twisted pair (UTP). Two copper wires twisted - avoid antenna effect. Grouped into cables: multiple pairs with common sheath. Category 3 (voice grade) versus category 5. 100 Mbit/s up to 100 m, 1 Mbit/s up to a few km. Cost: ~ 10cents/foot. ______.

Wireless Technologies: Great technology: no wires to install, convenient mobility, ... High attenuation limits distances. Wave propagates out as a sphere Huh. 2 in free space, typically 2 to 6. Signal strength attenuates quickly → 1/d3. High noise due to interference from other ______.

Gigabit Ethernet: Physical Layer Comparison. Medium. Transmit/ receive Distance. Comment. Copper. Twisted pair. 1000BASE-CX. 1000BASE-T. 25 m. 100 m machine room use four twisted pairs, IEEE 802.3ab. MM fiber. 62 mm. 1000BASE-SX. 1000BASE-LX. 260 m. 500 m. MM fiber. 50 mm. 1000BASE-SX. 1000BASE-LX. 525 m. 550 m. SM fiber. 1000BASE-LX. 5000 m. Twisted pair. 100BASE-T. 100 m. MM fiber. 100BASE-SX. 2000m. ______.

Wireless Technologies: Great technology: no wires to install, convenient mobility, ... High attenuation limits distances. Wave propagates out as a sphere Huh. $2$ in free space, typically $2$ to $6$. Signal strength attenuates quickly → $1/d^3$. High noise due to interference from other ______.

Phase Modulation (PM) changes the ______ of the signal.

Fiber Types: Multimode fiber. $62.5$ or $50$ micron core carries multiple 'modes'. Used at $1.3$ microns, usually LED source. Subject to mode dispersion: different propagation modes travel at different speeds. Typical limit: $1$ Gbps at $100$m. ______.

Every transmission medium supports transmission in a certain fixed ______ range.

Modulation is the process of changing a signal to convey ______.

In this class, we generally care about electrical signals (on a ______).

Aggressive encoding techniques make the signal less sensitive to ______

Every transmission medium supports transmission in a certain fixed ______ range

Nyquist gives a rough idea of ______ throughput

Every transmission medium supports transmission in a certain fixed ______ range

Amplitude Modulation (AM) changes the ______ of the signal

Carrier modulation uses the signal to modulate a higher frequency signal (carrier) and can be viewed as the ______ of the two signals

Information transfer is a physical process. In this class, we generally care about ______ signals (on a wire)

Information carriers can also be ______ waves

Physical layer. Datalink layer introduction, framing, error coding, switched networks. Broadcast-networks, home networking. F'11 Application Presentation Session Transport Network ______ Physical

Bandwidth and distance of networks is limited by the physical properties of the ______

Wireless Technologies: Great technology: no wires to install, convenient mobility, ... High attenuation limits distances. Wave propagates out as a sphere Huh. 2 in free space, typically 2 to 6. Signal strength attenuates quickly → 1/d^3. High noise due to interference from other ______

The Nyquist Limit assumes binary ______ encoding

Shannon's theorem: C = B x log2(1 + S/N), where C is maximum capacity (bps), B is channel bandwidth (Hz), and S/N is signal to noise ______ of the channel

Fiber Types: Multimode fiber. 62.5 or 50 micron core carries multiple 'modes'. Used at 1.3 microns, usually LED source. Subject to mode dispersion: different propagation modes travel at different speeds. Typical limit: 1 Gbps at 100m. ______.

A noiseless channel of width H can at most transmit a binary signal at a rate 2 x ______.

High bandwidth channels require ______ encoding

Every transmission medium supports transmission in a certain fixed ______ range.

Instead of 0/1, use lots of different ______ to get past the Nyquist Limit

Frequency Modulation (FM) changes the ______ of the signal.

Amplitude Modulation (AM) changes the ______ of the signal.

Phase Modulation (PM) changes the ______ of the signal.

Baseband modulation sends the ______ signal.

Carrier modulation uses the signal to modulate a higher frequency signal (carrier) and can be viewed as the ______ of the two signals.

Every transmission medium supports transmission in a certain fixed ______ range.

Frequency versus Time-division Multiplexing: With TDM different users send at different times. I.e. each user can send at full speed some of the time. Example: ______.

Copper Wire: Unshielded twisted pair (UTP). Two copper wires twisted - avoid antenna effect. Grouped into cables: multiple pairs with common sheath. Category 3 (voice grade) versus category 5. 100 Mbit/s up to 100 m, 1 Mbit/s up to a few km. Cost: ~ 10cents/foot. ______.

Wireless Technologies: Great technology: no wires to install, convenient mobility, ... High attenuation limits distances. Wave propagates out as a sphere Huh. 2 in free space, typically 2 to 6. Signal strength attenuates quickly → 1/d3. High noise due to interference from other ______.

Fiber Types: Multimode fiber. 62.5 or 50 micron core carries multiple 'modes'. Used at 1.3 microns, usually LED source. Subject to mode dispersion: different propagation modes travel at different speeds. Typical limit: 1 Gbps at 100m. ______.

Carrier modulation uses the signal to modulate a higher frequency signal (carrier) and can be viewed as the ______ of the two signals.

Modulation is the process of changing a signal to convey ______.