61 Questions
What is the term used to describe the process of generating antibody diversity during the development of B lymphocytes into naïve B cells?
Somatic hypermutation
What is the term used to describe the switching of heavy chain isotypes (classes) during antibody production?
Isotype switching
Which term refers to the specific part of an antigen that is recognized by an antibody?
Epitope
Which type of antigen does not require the help of T cells for an immune response?
T-independent antigen
What is the term used to describe the overall strength of binding between an antibody and an antigen?
Affinity
Which term refers to a small molecule that can bind to an antibody but cannot elicit an immune response on its own?
Hapten
Which of the following is a major form of humoral immunity?
Complement
What is an immunogen?
An antigen that elicits a T cell or B cell response
What is an epitope?
A smaller portion of an antigen that is specifically bound by a T cell or antibody
Which of the following is true about antigens?
An antigen may or may not elicit an adaptive immune response
What is the general order of immunogenicity?
Protein >> carbohydrate >> lipid, haptens, amino acids, DNA
What is the combination of affinity and valency called?
Avidity
Which type of antigen requires T cell help for B cell activation?
T-dependent antigen
What happens when a T-dependent antigen binds to a B cell?
All of the above
Which type of antigen activates B cells directly through receptor crosslinking?
T-independent antigen
Which type of T-independent antigen crosslinks both the B cell receptor (BCR) and another receptor(s)?
T-independent 1 (TI-1) antigen
Where do T-independent 2 (TI-2) antigens often occur?
In the marginal zone of secondary lymphatic tissue
Which cells secrete cytokines that can induce isotype switching and plasma cell differentiation in response to TI-2 antigens?
Dendritic cells
What are the structural elements in monomeric forms of antibody isotypes?
Two heavy chains and two light chains
Which antibody isotype forms pentamers?
IgM
What is the purpose of somatic hypermutation in B cell responses?
To generate diversity in B cell receptors
Which type of antigen generally does not undergo isotype switching or affinity maturation?
T-independent antigen
Which type of antigen binds and crosslinks multiple BCR or innate receptors?
T-independent antigen
Which type of antigen binds BCR and is endocytosed and processed for loading to MHC-II?
T-dependent antigen
What is the purpose of CD4 Th cell help in T-dependent antigen response?
To provide costimulation and cytokine help
Which type of antigen generally does NOT undergo isotype switching or affinity maturation?
T-independent antigens
What is the purpose of CD4 Th cell help in a T-dependent antigen response?
To provide costimulation and cytokine help
Where do T-independent 2 (TI-2) antigens often occur?
Bacterial cell surfaces
What is the term used to describe the overall strength of binding between an antibody and an antigen?
Affinity
Which type of antigen binds and crosslinks multiple BCR or innate receptors?
T-independent antigens
What is an epitope?
The specific part of an antigen recognized by an antibody
Which antibody isotype forms pentamers?
IgM
What is the purpose of somatic hypermutation in B cell responses?
To introduce random mutations in the antibody genes
Which of the following is true about antibody isotypes?
Antibody isotypes are altered heavy chains for specialized function.
Which structural elements are present in monomeric forms of antibody isotypes?
2 heavy chains and 2 light chains with variable regions that bind antigens.
Which antibody isotype forms pentamers?
IgM
What is the purpose of somatic hypermutation in B cell responses?
To drive affinity maturation of antibodies.
What is the term used to describe the process of generating antibody diversity during the development of B lymphocytes into naïve B cells?
Combinatorial diversity
What are the major steps in B cell development?
VDJ recombination, receptor editing, migration to LN or spleen, activation upon contact with antigen
What is the purpose of CD4 Th cell help in T-dependent antigen response?
To drive isotype switching and affinity maturation in B cells.
What happens when a T-dependent antigen binds to a B cell?
B cell activation and proliferation.
Which type of antigen requires T cell help for B cell activation?
T-dependent antigen
Which region of the immunoglobin (Ig) domain is responsible for binding antigens?
Fab region
What is the function of the Fc region of the immunoglobin (Ig) domain?
Neutralization
What is the term used to describe the ability of an antibody to bind different but structurally similar antigens?
Cross reactivity
What is the term used to describe the process of generating antibody diversity during the development of B lymphocytes into naïve B cells?
Combinatorial diversity
Which region of the immunoglobin (Ig) domain is responsible for structural flexibility?
Hinge region
Which accessory molecules allow the B cell receptor (BCR) to transmit the antigen binding signal for B cell activation?
Ig alpha and Igß
What is the term used to describe the process of increasing the affinity of antibodies through spontaneous mutations?
Affinity maturation
Which type of antigen requires the help of T cells for an immune response?
T-dependent antigen
Which antibody isotype has the highest valency?
IgM
Which of the following is true about haptens?
Haptens are small parts of antigens that are bound by antibodies.
Which of the following is true about antigen valency?
Antigen valency refers to the number of binding sites on an antigen.
What is the primary target of humoral immunity?
Extracellular pathogens
What is the term used to describe the smaller portion of an antigen specifically bound by a T cell or antibody?
Epitope/determinant
What is the general order of immunogenicity?
Protein >> carbohydrate >> lipid, haptens, amino acids, DNA
What is the term used to describe the total binding strength between all antigen-epitope pairs in multivalent antigen-antibody interactions?
Avidity
What is the structure of antibodies?
Antibodies have a Y-shaped structure.
What is the purpose of somatic hypermutation in B cell responses?
To enhance antibody affinity
What is the purpose of CD4 Th cell help in a T-dependent antigen response?
To activate B cells
What is the term used to describe the switching of heavy chain isotypes (classes) during antibody production?
Isotype switching
Quiz: Antibodies and Their Functions in the Immune System Test your knowledge on antibodies and their crucial role in the immune system with this quiz. From their structure to their diverse functions, this quiz will challenge your understanding of these important molecules. Gain a deeper understanding of how antibodies protect against pathogens and contribute to immunity.
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