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Fractures and Physiotherapy: Classification, Healing, and Complications

• Fractures are caused by a force that interrupts bone integrity, and they are classified based on aetiology, mechanism of production, soft tissue injuries, pattern of disruption, and fracture stability.
• Aetiology classification includes usual causes like single trauma, low energy, high energy, insufficient or pathological causes such as general processes, local processes, and due to fatigue or stress in normal or pathological bone.
• Mechanism classification includes direct mechanism at the site of impact and indirect mechanism at a distance from the trauma site such as traction, compression, torsion, flexion, and shear fractures.
• Soft tissue classification includes closed fractures with no open wound and open fractures where the bone breaks through the skin and has a bad prognosis for sepsis complications.
• Pattern of disruption classification includes incomplete, fissures, green stem or inflexion fractures, and complete with two or more independent bone fragments.
• Stability classification includes stable fractures with no tendency to displace after reduction and unstable fractures with obliquity greater than 45°, except spiroid.
• Fracture healing takes place in five stages: fracture hematoma, granulation tissue, callus formation, proliferation/ossification, and remodeling to original shape and strength.
• Consolidation factors include type of bone, age, separation of fragments, interposition of soft tissue, circulatory disturbances, foreign body infections, and stability of the fracture site.
• Medical procedures for fractures include patient stabilization and damage control, reduction through closed manipulation or open stabilization, and orthopedic or surgical internal fixators.
• Physical therapy assessment for fractures includes treatment options such as orthopedic or surgical, periods of immobilization or mobilization, and general outcomes like bone healing, avoiding stiffness and complications, restoring limb functionality, and training patients in the use of assistive devices and orthotics if necessary.
• Complications of fractures include joint stiffness, avascular necrosis, uncorrect bone consolidation, compartment syndrome, and complex regional pain syndrome.
• Treatment and prevention for complications of fractures include maintaining mobility and function of uninjured structures, load training, isotonic exercise, manual therapy, proprioception and PNF, joint mobilization, and scar care. Immobilization should be as short and painless as possible, with isometric muscle work during immobilization if possible, and mobilization of non-immobilized healthy joints.

Fractures and Physiotherapy: Classification, Healing, and Complications

• Fractures are caused by a force that interrupts bone integrity, and they are classified based on aetiology, mechanism of production, soft tissue injuries, pattern of disruption, and fracture stability.
• Aetiology classification includes usual causes like single trauma, low energy, high energy, insufficient or pathological causes such as general processes, local processes, and due to fatigue or stress in normal or pathological bone.
• Mechanism classification includes direct mechanism at the site of impact and indirect mechanism at a distance from the trauma site such as traction, compression, torsion, flexion, and shear fractures.
• Soft tissue classification includes closed fractures with no open wound and open fractures where the bone breaks through the skin and has a bad prognosis for sepsis complications.
• Pattern of disruption classification includes incomplete, fissures, green stem or inflexion fractures, and complete with two or more independent bone fragments.
• Stability classification includes stable fractures with no tendency to displace after reduction and unstable fractures with obliquity greater than 45°, except spiroid.
• Fracture healing takes place in five stages: fracture hematoma, granulation tissue, callus formation, proliferation/ossification, and remodeling to original shape and strength.
• Consolidation factors include type of bone, age, separation of fragments, interposition of soft tissue, circulatory disturbances, foreign body infections, and stability of the fracture site.
• Medical procedures for fractures include patient stabilization and damage control, reduction through closed manipulation or open stabilization, and orthopedic or surgical internal fixators.
• Physical therapy assessment for fractures includes treatment options such as orthopedic or surgical, periods of immobilization or mobilization, and general outcomes like bone healing, avoiding stiffness and complications, restoring limb functionality, and training patients in the use of assistive devices and orthotics if necessary.
• Complications of fractures include joint stiffness, avascular necrosis, uncorrect bone consolidation, compartment syndrome, and complex regional pain syndrome.
• Treatment and prevention for complications of fractures include maintaining mobility and function of uninjured structures, load training, isotonic exercise, manual therapy, proprioception and PNF, joint mobilization, and scar care. Immobilization should be as short and painless as possible, with isometric muscle work during immobilization if possible, and mobilization of non-immobilized healthy joints.

Fractures and Physiotherapy: Classification, Healing, and Complications

• Fractures are caused by a force that interrupts bone integrity, and they are classified based on aetiology, mechanism of production, soft tissue injuries, pattern of disruption, and fracture stability.
• Aetiology classification includes usual causes like single trauma, low energy, high energy, insufficient or pathological causes such as general processes, local processes, and due to fatigue or stress in normal or pathological bone.
• Mechanism classification includes direct mechanism at the site of impact and indirect mechanism at a distance from the trauma site such as traction, compression, torsion, flexion, and shear fractures.
• Soft tissue classification includes closed fractures with no open wound and open fractures where the bone breaks through the skin and has a bad prognosis for sepsis complications.
• Pattern of disruption classification includes incomplete, fissures, green stem or inflexion fractures, and complete with two or more independent bone fragments.
• Stability classification includes stable fractures with no tendency to displace after reduction and unstable fractures with obliquity greater than 45°, except spiroid.
• Fracture healing takes place in five stages: fracture hematoma, granulation tissue, callus formation, proliferation/ossification, and remodeling to original shape and strength.
• Consolidation factors include type of bone, age, separation of fragments, interposition of soft tissue, circulatory disturbances, foreign body infections, and stability of the fracture site.
• Medical procedures for fractures include patient stabilization and damage control, reduction through closed manipulation or open stabilization, and orthopedic or surgical internal fixators.
• Physical therapy assessment for fractures includes treatment options such as orthopedic or surgical, periods of immobilization or mobilization, and general outcomes like bone healing, avoiding stiffness and complications, restoring limb functionality, and training patients in the use of assistive devices and orthotics if necessary.
• Complications of fractures include joint stiffness, avascular necrosis, uncorrect bone consolidation, compartment syndrome, and complex regional pain syndrome.
• Treatment and prevention for complications of fractures include maintaining mobility and function of uninjured structures, load training, isotonic exercise, manual therapy, proprioception and PNF, joint mobilization, and scar care. Immobilization should be as short and painless as possible, with isometric muscle work during immobilization if possible, and mobilization of non-immobilized healthy joints.