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Overview of IEEE 802.11 Wireless Communication Networks

• Wireless LANs are an essential part of wired LANs and can be used as the only source of connectivity or to replace cellular coverage.

• WLAN configurations can be simple or multiple-cell, creating issues for balancing cell loading and providing the best connections for users.

• Ad hoc networking is a temporary peer-to-peer network set up to meet an immediate need, such as a group of employees with laptops convening for a meeting.

• WLANs are used for cellular data offloading, sync/file transfer, internet access, and multimedia streaming, and require considerations such as throughput, connection to backbone LAN, service area, battery power consumption, transmission robustness, and security.

• The IEEE 802 architecture uses layering of protocols and focuses on the lower layers of the OSI model, with LAN protocols.

• The IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN physical layer includes multi-cell arrangements and transmission issues such as no licensing needed, spread spectrum, and high capacity.

• The IEEE 802.11 MAC layer covers three functional areas: reliable data delivery, access control, and security.

• Reliable data delivery is more efficient to deal with errors at the MAC level than higher layers, with a frame exchange protocol and four frame exchange methods.

• Access control has centralized and decentralized mechanisms together, with the distributed foundation wireless MAC (DFWMAC) and distributed coordination function (DCF) and point coordination function (PCF) options.

• The IEEE 802.11 architecture includes the distribution system (DS), access point (AP), basic service set (BSS), and extended service set (ESS), with distribution and integration services.

• IEEE 802.11 medium access control covers reliable data delivery and access control, with the distributed coordination function (DCF) and point coordination function (PCF) options, and frame control, data, control, and management frame subtypes.

• The IEEE 802.11 physical layer includes standards such as IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g, and IEEE 802.11n, with various data rates and modulation schemes, such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and complementary code keying (CCK).Wireless Communication Networks: IEEE 802.11, Bluetooth, and IEEE 802.15

• IEEE 802.11 standard provides wireless local area network (WLAN) technology, with various enhancements such as higher data rates, shorter guard band, and MAC enhancements.

• Gigabit Wi-Fi (802.11ac) supports up to 3.2 Gbps, operates in 5 GHz only, has up to 8x8 MIMO, and uses special RTS/CTS to check for legacy devices.

• IEEE 802.11 performance factors include modulation and coding schemes, channel bonding, channel access, and RTS/CTS enhanced with bandwidth signaling.

• IEEE 802.11ac channel allocations use a 5 GHz band with up to 160 MHz (8x20 MHz channels) and larger frame size.

• IEEE 802.11ad (WiGig) supports up to 7 Gbps, uses millimeter waves, and has adaptive beamforming and high-gain directional antennas.

• IEEE 802.15 standard provides wireless personal area network (WPAN) technology, with several standards such as ZigBee and Bluetooth.

• Internet of Things (IoT) is a key application area for short-range communications, with large numbers of wirelessly connected objects and interactions between the physical world and computing.

• Bluetooth is a universal short-range wireless capability that uses the 2.4 GHz band and supports data, audio, graphics, video, and other applications.

• Bluetooth standards documents include core specifications, profile specifications, and various standards such as 2.1 Basic/Enhanced Data Rate (BR/EDR), 3.0 Alternative MAC/PHY (AMP), and 4.0 Bluetooth Smart (Bluetooth Low Energy).

• Bluetooth protocol architecture is a layered structure that includes core protocols, cable replacement and telephony control protocols, and adopted protocols.

• Bluetooth supports piconets and scatternets, with different classes of transmitters and frequency hopping to provide resistance to interference and multipath effects.

• ZigBee extends IEEE 802.15.4 standards to provide low data rate, long battery life, and secure networking with star, tree, or general mesh network structures.Overview of ZigBee Network and Alliance

• ZigBee network consists of three types of devices: Coordinator, Router, and End Device.

• Coordinator creates, controls, and maintains the network and there can be only one coordinator in the network.

• Router can pass data to other ZigBee devices, while End Device has limited functionality and cannot relay information.

• ZigBee network can be structured as a star, tree, or general mesh network.

• ZigBee alliance is an industry consortium that maintains and publishes the ZigBee standard.

• ZigBee specifications were first introduced in 2004, and ZigBee PRO was completed in 2007, which enhanced ZigBee with more features.

• ZigBee alliance has created different application profiles for various use cases such as home automation, building automation, healthcare, and energy management.

• ZigBee Home Automation profile is designed for smart homes and allows vendors to create interoperable products.

• ZigBee Smart Energy 1.1 profile is used for home energy savings, while ZigBee Smart Energy Profile 2 is IP-based home energy management.

• ZigBee alliance has also created profiles for retail services, remote control, and telecom services.

• ZigBee Light Link is designed for LED lighting control, while ZigBee Input Device is for easy-to-use touchpads, mice, keyboards, and wands.

• ZigBee network devices assist and expand ZigBee networks, while ZigBee Health Care is used for health and fitness monitoring.

Overview of IEEE 802.11 Wireless Communication Networks

• Wireless LANs are an essential part of wired LANs and can be used as the only source of connectivity or to replace cellular coverage.

• WLAN configurations can be simple or multiple-cell, creating issues for balancing cell loading and providing the best connections for users.

• Ad hoc networking is a temporary peer-to-peer network set up to meet an immediate need, such as a group of employees with laptops convening for a meeting.

• WLANs are used for cellular data offloading, sync/file transfer, internet access, and multimedia streaming, and require considerations such as throughput, connection to backbone LAN, service area, battery power consumption, transmission robustness, and security.

• The IEEE 802 architecture uses layering of protocols and focuses on the lower layers of the OSI model, with LAN protocols.

• The IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN physical layer includes multi-cell arrangements and transmission issues such as no licensing needed, spread spectrum, and high capacity.

• The IEEE 802.11 MAC layer covers three functional areas: reliable data delivery, access control, and security.

• Reliable data delivery is more efficient to deal with errors at the MAC level than higher layers, with a frame exchange protocol and four frame exchange methods.

• Access control has centralized and decentralized mechanisms together, with the distributed foundation wireless MAC (DFWMAC) and distributed coordination function (DCF) and point coordination function (PCF) options.

• The IEEE 802.11 architecture includes the distribution system (DS), access point (AP), basic service set (BSS), and extended service set (ESS), with distribution and integration services.

• IEEE 802.11 medium access control covers reliable data delivery and access control, with the distributed coordination function (DCF) and point coordination function (PCF) options, and frame control, data, control, and management frame subtypes.

• The IEEE 802.11 physical layer includes standards such as IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g, and IEEE 802.11n, with various data rates and modulation schemes, such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and complementary code keying (CCK).Wireless Communication Networks: IEEE 802.11, Bluetooth, and IEEE 802.15

• IEEE 802.11 standard provides wireless local area network (WLAN) technology, with various enhancements such as higher data rates, shorter guard band, and MAC enhancements.

• Gigabit Wi-Fi (802.11ac) supports up to 3.2 Gbps, operates in 5 GHz only, has up to 8x8 MIMO, and uses special RTS/CTS to check for legacy devices.

• IEEE 802.11 performance factors include modulation and coding schemes, channel bonding, channel access, and RTS/CTS enhanced with bandwidth signaling.

• IEEE 802.11ac channel allocations use a 5 GHz band with up to 160 MHz (8x20 MHz channels) and larger frame size.

• IEEE 802.11ad (WiGig) supports up to 7 Gbps, uses millimeter waves, and has adaptive beamforming and high-gain directional antennas.

• IEEE 802.15 standard provides wireless personal area network (WPAN) technology, with several standards such as ZigBee and Bluetooth.

• Internet of Things (IoT) is a key application area for short-range communications, with large numbers of wirelessly connected objects and interactions between the physical world and computing.

• Bluetooth is a universal short-range wireless capability that uses the 2.4 GHz band and supports data, audio, graphics, video, and other applications.

• Bluetooth standards documents include core specifications, profile specifications, and various standards such as 2.1 Basic/Enhanced Data Rate (BR/EDR), 3.0 Alternative MAC/PHY (AMP), and 4.0 Bluetooth Smart (Bluetooth Low Energy).

• Bluetooth protocol architecture is a layered structure that includes core protocols, cable replacement and telephony control protocols, and adopted protocols.

• Bluetooth supports piconets and scatternets, with different classes of transmitters and frequency hopping to provide resistance to interference and multipath effects.

• ZigBee extends IEEE 802.15.4 standards to provide low data rate, long battery life, and secure networking with star, tree, or general mesh network structures.Overview of ZigBee Network and Alliance

• ZigBee network consists of three types of devices: Coordinator, Router, and End Device.

• Coordinator creates, controls, and maintains the network and there can be only one coordinator in the network.

• Router can pass data to other ZigBee devices, while End Device has limited functionality and cannot relay information.

• ZigBee network can be structured as a star, tree, or general mesh network.

• ZigBee alliance is an industry consortium that maintains and publishes the ZigBee standard.

• ZigBee specifications were first introduced in 2004, and ZigBee PRO was completed in 2007, which enhanced ZigBee with more features.

• ZigBee alliance has created different application profiles for various use cases such as home automation, building automation, healthcare, and energy management.

• ZigBee Home Automation profile is designed for smart homes and allows vendors to create interoperable products.

• ZigBee Smart Energy 1.1 profile is used for home energy savings, while ZigBee Smart Energy Profile 2 is IP-based home energy management.

• ZigBee alliance has also created profiles for retail services, remote control, and telecom services.

• ZigBee Light Link is designed for LED lighting control, while ZigBee Input Device is for easy-to-use touchpads, mice, keyboards, and wands.

• ZigBee network devices assist and expand ZigBee networks, while ZigBee Health Care is used for health and fitness monitoring.