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Questions and Answers
Which bacterial pathogen undergoes antigenic variation of surface lipoprotein VlsE, contributing to chronic disease?
Which bacterial pathogen undergoes antigenic variation of surface lipoprotein VlsE, contributing to chronic disease?
- Escherichia coli
- Borrelia burgdorferi (correct)
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Salmonella enterica
Which viral adhesin binds to the sialic acid on the membrane of host respiratory and intestinal cells?
Which viral adhesin binds to the sialic acid on the membrane of host respiratory and intestinal cells?
- Glycoprotein gp20 on HIV
- Spike protein on SARS-CoV-2
- Hemagglutinin on Influenzavirus (correct)
- VP1 on Human papillomavirus
Which bacterial pathogen undergoes antigenic variation of type IV pili to avoid immune defenses?
Which bacterial pathogen undergoes antigenic variation of type IV pili to avoid immune defenses?
- Streptococcus pyogenes
- Neisseria meningitidis
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae (correct)
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
What is the function of coagulase in bacterial pathogens?
What is the function of coagulase in bacterial pathogens?
What is the function of staphylokinase in bacterial pathogens?
What is the function of staphylokinase in bacterial pathogens?
Which viral glycoprotein interacts with CD4 and CCR5 or CXCR4 of immune system cells for viral entry?
Which viral glycoprotein interacts with CD4 and CCR5 or CXCR4 of immune system cells for viral entry?
What is the mechanism of antigenic drift in enveloped viruses, including influenza viruses?
What is the mechanism of antigenic drift in enveloped viruses, including influenza viruses?
What is the mechanism of antigenic shift in enveloped viruses, including influenza viruses?
What is the mechanism of antigenic shift in enveloped viruses, including influenza viruses?
What is the rate of antigenic variation in influenza viruses?
What is the rate of antigenic variation in influenza viruses?
What is the purpose of annual influenza vaccines?
What is the purpose of annual influenza vaccines?
What is the function of kinases in bacterial and viral pathogens?
What is the function of kinases in bacterial and viral pathogens?
Which bacterial pathogen undergoes antigenic variation of surface proteins to evade recognition by the host immune system?
Which bacterial pathogen undergoes antigenic variation of surface proteins to evade recognition by the host immune system?
Which bacterial pathogen undergoes antigenic variation of surface lipoprotein VlsE, contributing to chronic disease?
Which bacterial pathogen undergoes antigenic variation of surface lipoprotein VlsE, contributing to chronic disease?
Which viral adhesin binds to the sialic acid on the membrane of host respiratory and intestinal cells?
Which viral adhesin binds to the sialic acid on the membrane of host respiratory and intestinal cells?
Which bacterial pathogen undergoes antigenic variation of type IV pili to avoid immune defenses?
Which bacterial pathogen undergoes antigenic variation of type IV pili to avoid immune defenses?
What is the function of coagulase in bacterial pathogens?
What is the function of coagulase in bacterial pathogens?
What is the function of staphylokinase in bacterial pathogens?
What is the function of staphylokinase in bacterial pathogens?
Which viral glycoprotein interacts with CD4 and CCR5 or CXCR4 of immune system cells for viral entry?
Which viral glycoprotein interacts with CD4 and CCR5 or CXCR4 of immune system cells for viral entry?
What is the mechanism of antigenic drift in enveloped viruses, including influenza viruses?
What is the mechanism of antigenic drift in enveloped viruses, including influenza viruses?
What is the mechanism of antigenic shift in enveloped viruses, including influenza viruses?
What is the mechanism of antigenic shift in enveloped viruses, including influenza viruses?
What is the rate of antigenic variation in influenza viruses?
What is the rate of antigenic variation in influenza viruses?
What is the purpose of annual influenza vaccines?
What is the purpose of annual influenza vaccines?
What is the function of kinases in bacterial and viral pathogens?
What is the function of kinases in bacterial and viral pathogens?
Which bacterial pathogen undergoes antigenic variation of surface proteins to evade recognition by the host immune system?
Which bacterial pathogen undergoes antigenic variation of surface proteins to evade recognition by the host immune system?
What is the function of coagulase in bacterial pathogens?
What is the function of coagulase in bacterial pathogens?
What is antigenic variation in pathogens?
What is antigenic variation in pathogens?
Which pathogen undergoes antigenic variation of surface lipoprotein VlsE?
Which pathogen undergoes antigenic variation of surface lipoprotein VlsE?
Which pathogen undergoes antigenic variation of type IV pili to avoid immune defenses?
Which pathogen undergoes antigenic variation of type IV pili to avoid immune defenses?
What is the function of viral adhesins in viral pathogens?
What is the function of viral adhesins in viral pathogens?
What does hemagglutinin on Influenzavirus bind to on the host cells?
What does hemagglutinin on Influenzavirus bind to on the host cells?
What does glycoprotein gp20 on HIV interact with on immune system cells for viral entry?
What does glycoprotein gp20 on HIV interact with on immune system cells for viral entry?
What is antigenic drift in enveloped viruses like influenza viruses?
What is antigenic drift in enveloped viruses like influenza viruses?
What is antigenic shift in enveloped viruses like influenza viruses?
What is antigenic shift in enveloped viruses like influenza viruses?
Why is it difficult for the immune system to recognize different strains of influenza viruses?
Why is it difficult for the immune system to recognize different strains of influenza viruses?
What do annual influenza vaccines provide protection against?
What do annual influenza vaccines provide protection against?
What triggers the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin in bacterial pathogens?
What triggers the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin in bacterial pathogens?
Which enzyme digests fibrin clots and allows pathogens to escape and spread?
Which enzyme digests fibrin clots and allows pathogens to escape and spread?
What is antigenic variation?
What is antigenic variation?
Which pathogen uses antigenic variation in the surface lipoprotein VlsE to cause chronic disease?
Which pathogen uses antigenic variation in the surface lipoprotein VlsE to cause chronic disease?
Which pathogen undergoes antigenic variation of its type IV pili to avoid immune defenses?
Which pathogen undergoes antigenic variation of its type IV pili to avoid immune defenses?
What are adhesins in viruses?
What are adhesins in viruses?
What is the spike protein hemagglutinin found on Influenzavirus an example of?
What is the spike protein hemagglutinin found on Influenzavirus an example of?
What does HIV use to interact with CD4 and CCR5 or CXCR4 receptors on the surface of immune system cells?
What does HIV use to interact with CD4 and CCR5 or CXCR4 receptors on the surface of immune system cells?
What is antigenic drift in influenza viruses?
What is antigenic drift in influenza viruses?
What is antigenic shift in influenza viruses?
What is antigenic shift in influenza viruses?
Why is it difficult for the immune system to recognize all strains of influenza viruses?
Why is it difficult for the immune system to recognize all strains of influenza viruses?
What does each year's influenza vaccine provide protection against?
What does each year's influenza vaccine provide protection against?
What is the function of coagulase produced by Staphylococcus aureus?
What is the function of coagulase produced by Staphylococcus aureus?
What is the function of adhesins in viral pathogens?
What is the function of adhesins in viral pathogens?
Which bacterial pathogen produces both coagulase and staphylokinase to promote clotting and stimulate the digestion of clots, respectively?
Which bacterial pathogen produces both coagulase and staphylokinase to promote clotting and stimulate the digestion of clots, respectively?
What is antigenic variation in pathogens?
What is antigenic variation in pathogens?
Which bacterial pathogen undergoes antigenic variation of its type IV pili to avoid immune defenses?
Which bacterial pathogen undergoes antigenic variation of its type IV pili to avoid immune defenses?
What is the function of the spike protein hemagglutinin found on Influenzavirus?
What is the function of the spike protein hemagglutinin found on Influenzavirus?
What is the mechanism of antigenic drift in enveloped viruses, including influenza viruses?
What is the mechanism of antigenic drift in enveloped viruses, including influenza viruses?
Which viral glycoprotein interacts with CD4 and CCR5 or CXCR4 receptors on the surface of immune system cells for viral entry?
Which viral glycoprotein interacts with CD4 and CCR5 or CXCR4 receptors on the surface of immune system cells for viral entry?
What is the purpose of annual influenza vaccines?
What is the purpose of annual influenza vaccines?
What is the mechanism of antigenic shift in enveloped viruses, including influenza viruses?
What is the mechanism of antigenic shift in enveloped viruses, including influenza viruses?
What is the effect of antigenic variation in Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease?
What is the effect of antigenic variation in Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease?
What is the effect of antigenic variation in Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which causes gonorrhea?
What is the effect of antigenic variation in Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which causes gonorrhea?
What is the effect of antigenic variation in enveloped viruses, including influenza viruses?
What is the effect of antigenic variation in enveloped viruses, including influenza viruses?
What is the function of adhesins in viral pathogens?
What is the function of adhesins in viral pathogens?
Which bacterial pathogen produces both coagulase and staphylokinase to promote clotting and stimulate the digestion of clots, respectively?
Which bacterial pathogen produces both coagulase and staphylokinase to promote clotting and stimulate the digestion of clots, respectively?
What is the mechanism of antigenic variation in bacterial pathogens?
What is the mechanism of antigenic variation in bacterial pathogens?
Which enveloped virus relies on antigenic variation to avoid host immune defenses?
Which enveloped virus relies on antigenic variation to avoid host immune defenses?
What is the function of the spike protein hemagglutinin found on Influenzavirus?
What is the function of the spike protein hemagglutinin found on Influenzavirus?
Which viral glycoprotein interacts with CD4 and CCR5 or CXCR4 receptors on the surface of immune system cells?
Which viral glycoprotein interacts with CD4 and CCR5 or CXCR4 receptors on the surface of immune system cells?
What is the purpose of annual influenza vaccines?
What is the purpose of annual influenza vaccines?
What is the mechanism of antigenic drift in enveloped viruses, including influenza viruses?
What is the mechanism of antigenic drift in enveloped viruses, including influenza viruses?
What is the mechanism of antigenic shift in enveloped viruses, including influenza viruses?
What is the mechanism of antigenic shift in enveloped viruses, including influenza viruses?
What is the rate of antigenic variation in influenza viruses?
What is the rate of antigenic variation in influenza viruses?
What is the function of kinases in bacterial and viral pathogens?
What is the function of kinases in bacterial and viral pathogens?
Which bacterial pathogen undergoes antigenic variation of its type IV pili to avoid immune defenses?
Which bacterial pathogen undergoes antigenic variation of its type IV pili to avoid immune defenses?
Which bacterial pathogen uses antigenic variation in the surface lipoprotein VlsE to cause chronic disease?
Which bacterial pathogen uses antigenic variation in the surface lipoprotein VlsE to cause chronic disease?
What is the function of adhesins in viral pathogens?
What is the function of adhesins in viral pathogens?
Which bacterial pathogen produces both coagulase and staphylokinase to promote clotting and stimulate the digestion of clots, respectively?
Which bacterial pathogen produces both coagulase and staphylokinase to promote clotting and stimulate the digestion of clots, respectively?
What is antigenic variation in pathogens?
What is antigenic variation in pathogens?
Which bacterial pathogen undergoes antigenic variation of its type IV pili to avoid immune defenses?
Which bacterial pathogen undergoes antigenic variation of its type IV pili to avoid immune defenses?
What is the function of kinases in pathogens?
What is the function of kinases in pathogens?
Which viral adhesin binds to the sialic acid on the membrane of host respiratory and intestinal cells?
Which viral adhesin binds to the sialic acid on the membrane of host respiratory and intestinal cells?
What is the mechanism of antigenic drift in influenza viruses?
What is the mechanism of antigenic drift in influenza viruses?
What is the mechanism of antigenic shift in influenza viruses?
What is the mechanism of antigenic shift in influenza viruses?
What is the rate of antigenic variation in influenza viruses?
What is the rate of antigenic variation in influenza viruses?
What is the purpose of annual influenza vaccines?
What is the purpose of annual influenza vaccines?
Which viral glycoprotein interacts with CD4 and CCR5 or CXCR4 receptors on the surface of immune system cells for viral entry?
Which viral glycoprotein interacts with CD4 and CCR5 or CXCR4 receptors on the surface of immune system cells for viral entry?
Which bacterial pathogen uses antigenic variation in the surface lipoprotein VlsE to cause chronic disease?
Which bacterial pathogen uses antigenic variation in the surface lipoprotein VlsE to cause chronic disease?
What is the function of antigenic variation in pathogens?
What is the function of antigenic variation in pathogens?
Which bacterial pathogen uses both coagulase and staphylokinase to promote clotting and stimulate the digestion of clots, respectively?
Which bacterial pathogen uses both coagulase and staphylokinase to promote clotting and stimulate the digestion of clots, respectively?
What is the function of adhesins in viruses?
What is the function of adhesins in viruses?
Which viral adhesin binds to CD4 and CCR5 or CXCR4 receptors on the surface of immune system cells for viral entry?
Which viral adhesin binds to CD4 and CCR5 or CXCR4 receptors on the surface of immune system cells for viral entry?
What is the mechanism of antigenic drift in influenza viruses?
What is the mechanism of antigenic drift in influenza viruses?
What is the mechanism of antigenic shift in influenza viruses?
What is the mechanism of antigenic shift in influenza viruses?
What is the purpose of annual influenza vaccines?
What is the purpose of annual influenza vaccines?
Which bacterial pathogen undergoes antigenic variation of its type IV pili to avoid immune defenses?
Which bacterial pathogen undergoes antigenic variation of its type IV pili to avoid immune defenses?
What is the function of kinases in pathogens?
What is the function of kinases in pathogens?
Which enveloped viruses rely on antigenic variation to avoid host immune defenses?
Which enveloped viruses rely on antigenic variation to avoid host immune defenses?
What is the surface lipoprotein used by Borrelia burgdorferi to cause chronic disease through antigenic variation?
What is the surface lipoprotein used by Borrelia burgdorferi to cause chronic disease through antigenic variation?
What is the antigenic variation in influenza viruses caused by?
What is the antigenic variation in influenza viruses caused by?
What is the function of adhesins in viral pathogens?
What is the function of adhesins in viral pathogens?
What is the causative agent of Lyme disease?
What is the causative agent of Lyme disease?
Which bacterial pathogen produces both coagulase and staphylokinase to promote clotting and stimulate the digestion of clots?
Which bacterial pathogen produces both coagulase and staphylokinase to promote clotting and stimulate the digestion of clots?
What is the mechanism of antigenic variation in Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
What is the mechanism of antigenic variation in Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
What is the function of kinases in bacterial and viral pathogens?
What is the function of kinases in bacterial and viral pathogens?
What is the function of staphylokinase in bacterial pathogens?
What is the function of staphylokinase in bacterial pathogens?
What is the function of coagulase in bacterial pathogens?
What is the function of coagulase in bacterial pathogens?
What is the mechanism of antigenic drift in enveloped viruses, including influenza viruses?
What is the mechanism of antigenic drift in enveloped viruses, including influenza viruses?
What is the mechanism of antigenic shift in enveloped viruses, including influenza viruses?
What is the mechanism of antigenic shift in enveloped viruses, including influenza viruses?
What is the rate of antigenic variation in influenza viruses?
What is the rate of antigenic variation in influenza viruses?
What is the purpose of annual influenza vaccines?
What is the purpose of annual influenza vaccines?
Which viral glycoprotein interacts with CD4 and CCR5 or CXCR4 of immune system cells for viral entry?
Which viral glycoprotein interacts with CD4 and CCR5 or CXCR4 of immune system cells for viral entry?
What is the function of staphylokinase in Staphylococcus aureus infections?
What is the function of staphylokinase in Staphylococcus aureus infections?
What is the purpose of antigenic variation in pathogens?
What is the purpose of antigenic variation in pathogens?
What is the function of adhesins in viral infections?
What is the function of adhesins in viral infections?
Which viral glycoprotein interacts with CD4 and CCR5 or CXCR4 receptors on the surface of immune system cells for viral entry?
Which viral glycoprotein interacts with CD4 and CCR5 or CXCR4 receptors on the surface of immune system cells for viral entry?
What is the mechanism of antigenic drift in enveloped viruses, including influenza viruses?
What is the mechanism of antigenic drift in enveloped viruses, including influenza viruses?
What is the mechanism of antigenic shift in enveloped viruses, including influenza viruses?
What is the mechanism of antigenic shift in enveloped viruses, including influenza viruses?
What is the high rate of antigenic variation in influenza viruses due to?
What is the high rate of antigenic variation in influenza viruses due to?
What is the purpose of annual influenza vaccines?
What is the purpose of annual influenza vaccines?
What is the function of kinases in pathogen infections?
What is the function of kinases in pathogen infections?
Which bacterial pathogen undergoes antigenic variation of its type IV pili to avoid immune defenses?
Which bacterial pathogen undergoes antigenic variation of its type IV pili to avoid immune defenses?
Which bacterial pathogen uses antigenic variation in the surface lipoprotein VlsE to cause chronic disease?
Which bacterial pathogen uses antigenic variation in the surface lipoprotein VlsE to cause chronic disease?
Which enveloped virus uses the spike protein hemagglutinin to bind to the sialic acid on the membrane of host respiratory and intestinal cells?
Which enveloped virus uses the spike protein hemagglutinin to bind to the sialic acid on the membrane of host respiratory and intestinal cells?
What is the function of adhesins in viruses?
What is the function of adhesins in viruses?
Which bacterial pathogen produces both coagulase and staphylokinase to protect itself and escape?
Which bacterial pathogen produces both coagulase and staphylokinase to protect itself and escape?
What is antigenic variation in pathogens?
What is antigenic variation in pathogens?
Which bacterial pathogen undergoes antigenic variation of its type IV pili to evade immune defenses?
Which bacterial pathogen undergoes antigenic variation of its type IV pili to evade immune defenses?
What is the function of kinases in pathogens?
What is the function of kinases in pathogens?
What is the viral adhesin that binds to the sialic acid on the membrane of host respiratory and intestinal cells?
What is the viral adhesin that binds to the sialic acid on the membrane of host respiratory and intestinal cells?
What is the mechanism of antigenic drift in influenza viruses?
What is the mechanism of antigenic drift in influenza viruses?
What is the mechanism of antigenic shift in influenza viruses?
What is the mechanism of antigenic shift in influenza viruses?
What is the purpose of annual influenza vaccines?
What is the purpose of annual influenza vaccines?
Which viral glycoprotein interacts with CD4 and CCR5 or CXCR4 of immune system cells for viral entry?
Which viral glycoprotein interacts with CD4 and CCR5 or CXCR4 of immune system cells for viral entry?
What is the bacterial pathogen that uses antigenic variation in the surface lipoprotein VlsE to cause chronic disease?
What is the bacterial pathogen that uses antigenic variation in the surface lipoprotein VlsE to cause chronic disease?
What is the high rate of antigenic variation in influenza viruses attributed to?
What is the high rate of antigenic variation in influenza viruses attributed to?
What is the function of adhesins in viral pathogens?
What is the function of adhesins in viral pathogens?
Which bacterial pathogen produces both coagulase and staphylokinase to protect itself and escape from the host's immune system?
Which bacterial pathogen produces both coagulase and staphylokinase to protect itself and escape from the host's immune system?
What is the mechanism of antigenic variation in bacterial pathogens?
What is the mechanism of antigenic variation in bacterial pathogens?
Which enveloped virus relies on antigenic variation to avoid host immune defenses?
Which enveloped virus relies on antigenic variation to avoid host immune defenses?
Which bacterial pathogen undergoes antigenic variation of its type IV pili to avoid immune defenses?
Which bacterial pathogen undergoes antigenic variation of its type IV pili to avoid immune defenses?
What is the function of the spike protein hemagglutinin found on Influenzavirus?
What is the function of the spike protein hemagglutinin found on Influenzavirus?
What is the function of gp120 in HIV?
What is the function of gp120 in HIV?
What is antigenic drift in influenza viruses caused by?
What is antigenic drift in influenza viruses caused by?
What is antigenic shift in influenza viruses caused by?
What is antigenic shift in influenza viruses caused by?
What is the purpose of annual influenza vaccines?
What is the purpose of annual influenza vaccines?
What is the rate of antigenic variation in influenza viruses?
What is the rate of antigenic variation in influenza viruses?
What is the function of kinases in bacterial and viral pathogens?
What is the function of kinases in bacterial and viral pathogens?
