Test Your Knowledge of Virulence Factors in Bacterial and Viral Pathogens 15.3 pt 2
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Questions and Answers

Which bacterial pathogen undergoes antigenic variation of surface lipoprotein VlsE, contributing to chronic disease?

  • Escherichia coli
  • Borrelia burgdorferi (correct)
  • Staphylococcus aureus
  • Salmonella enterica

    • Which viral adhesin binds to the sialic acid on the membrane of host respiratory and intestinal cells?

  • Glycoprotein gp20 on HIV
  • Spike protein on SARS-CoV-2
  • Hemagglutinin on Influenzavirus (correct)
  • VP1 on Human papillomavirus

    • Which bacterial pathogen undergoes antigenic variation of type IV pili to avoid immune defenses?

  • Streptococcus pyogenes
  • Neisseria meningitidis
  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae (correct)
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa

    • What is the function of coagulase in bacterial pathogens?

    <p>Promotes clotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of staphylokinase in bacterial pathogens?

    <p>Initiates clot digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which viral glycoprotein interacts with CD4 and CCR5 or CXCR4 of immune system cells for viral entry?

    <p>Glycoprotein gp20 on HIV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of antigenic drift in enveloped viruses, including influenza viruses?

    <p>Point mutations in hemagglutinin and neuraminidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of antigenic shift in enveloped viruses, including influenza viruses?

    <p>Major change in spike proteins due to gene reassortment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rate of antigenic variation in influenza viruses?

    <p>Very high</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of annual influenza vaccines?

    <p>To provide protection against the most prevalent strains for that year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of kinases in bacterial and viral pathogens?

    <p>Triggers the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial pathogen undergoes antigenic variation of surface proteins to evade recognition by the host immune system?

    <p>Streptococcus pyogenes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial pathogen undergoes antigenic variation of surface lipoprotein VlsE, contributing to chronic disease?

    <p>Borrelia burgdorferi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which viral adhesin binds to the sialic acid on the membrane of host respiratory and intestinal cells?

    <p>Hemagglutinin on Influenzavirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial pathogen undergoes antigenic variation of type IV pili to avoid immune defenses?

    <p>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of coagulase in bacterial pathogens?

    <p>Promotes clotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of staphylokinase in bacterial pathogens?

    <p>Initiates clot digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which viral glycoprotein interacts with CD4 and CCR5 or CXCR4 of immune system cells for viral entry?

    <p>Glycoprotein gp20 on HIV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of antigenic drift in enveloped viruses, including influenza viruses?

    <p>Point mutations in hemagglutinin and neuraminidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of antigenic shift in enveloped viruses, including influenza viruses?

    <p>Major change in spike proteins due to gene reassortment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rate of antigenic variation in influenza viruses?

    <p>Very high</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of annual influenza vaccines?

    <p>To provide protection against the most prevalent strains for that year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of kinases in bacterial and viral pathogens?

    <p>Triggers the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial pathogen undergoes antigenic variation of surface proteins to evade recognition by the host immune system?

    <p>Streptococcus pyogenes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of coagulase in bacterial pathogens?

    <p>Promotes clotting and provides a protective barrier from the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is antigenic variation in pathogens?

    <p>The alteration of surface proteins to evade recognition by the host immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathogen undergoes antigenic variation of surface lipoprotein VlsE?

    <p>Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathogen undergoes antigenic variation of type IV pili to avoid immune defenses?

    <p>Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which causes gonorrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of viral adhesins in viral pathogens?

    <p>Mediate the adhesion of the virus to specific receptors on the surface of cells, defining their tropism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does hemagglutinin on Influenzavirus bind to on the host cells?

    <p>Sialic acid on the membrane of host respiratory and intestinal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does glycoprotein gp20 on HIV interact with on immune system cells for viral entry?

    <p>CD4 and CCR5 or CXCR4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is antigenic drift in enveloped viruses like influenza viruses?

    <p>Caused by point mutations in hemagglutinin and neuraminidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is antigenic shift in enveloped viruses like influenza viruses?

    <p>A major change in spike proteins due to gene reassortment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it difficult for the immune system to recognize different strains of influenza viruses?

    <p>The rate of antigenic variation is high</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do annual influenza vaccines provide protection against?

    <p>The most prevalent strains for that year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin in bacterial pathogens?

    <p>Kinases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme digests fibrin clots and allows pathogens to escape and spread?

    <p>Staphylokinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is antigenic variation?

    <p>The alteration of surface proteins to avoid recognition by the host's immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathogen uses antigenic variation in the surface lipoprotein VlsE to cause chronic disease?

    <p>Borrelia burgdorferi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathogen undergoes antigenic variation of its type IV pili to avoid immune defenses?

    <p>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are adhesins in viruses?

    <p>Part of the viral capsid or membrane envelope that define the tropism of viruses for specific cells and tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the spike protein hemagglutinin found on Influenzavirus an example of?

    <p>A viral adhesin that allows the virus to bind to the sialic acid on the membrane of host respiratory and intestinal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does HIV use to interact with CD4 and CCR5 or CXCR4 receptors on the surface of immune system cells?

    <p>Glycoprotein gp120</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is antigenic drift in influenza viruses?

    <p>The high rate of antigenic variation caused by point mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is antigenic shift in influenza viruses?

    <p>The process of gene reassortment leading to the emergence of new viral strains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it difficult for the immune system to recognize all strains of influenza viruses?

    <p>Due to the high rate of antigenic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does each year's influenza vaccine provide protection against?

    <p>The most prevalent strains for that year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of coagulase produced by Staphylococcus aureus?

    <p>To promote clotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of adhesins in viral pathogens?

    <p>They are part of the viral capsid or membrane envelope and define the tropism of viruses for specific cells and tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial pathogen produces both coagulase and staphylokinase to promote clotting and stimulate the digestion of clots, respectively?

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is antigenic variation in pathogens?

    <p>The alteration of surface proteins to avoid recognition by the host's immune system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial pathogen undergoes antigenic variation of its type IV pili to avoid immune defenses?

    <p>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the spike protein hemagglutinin found on Influenzavirus?

    <p>It allows the virus to bind to the sialic acid on the membrane of host respiratory and intestinal cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of antigenic drift in enveloped viruses, including influenza viruses?

    <p>It is caused by point mutations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which viral glycoprotein interacts with CD4 and CCR5 or CXCR4 receptors on the surface of immune system cells for viral entry?

    <p>Gp120</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of annual influenza vaccines?

    <p>To provide protection against the most prevalent strains for that year.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of antigenic shift in enveloped viruses, including influenza viruses?

    <p>It occurs through gene reassortment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of antigenic variation in Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease?

    <p>It causes chronic disease in the host.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of antigenic variation in Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which causes gonorrhea?

    <p>It alters surface proteins to avoid recognition by the host's immune system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of antigenic variation in enveloped viruses, including influenza viruses?

    <p>It alters surface proteins to avoid recognition by the host's immune system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of adhesins in viral pathogens?

    <p>To facilitate adhesion to host cells and define tropism for specific cells and tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial pathogen produces both coagulase and staphylokinase to promote clotting and stimulate the digestion of clots, respectively?

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of antigenic variation in bacterial pathogens?

    <p>Alteration of surface proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enveloped virus relies on antigenic variation to avoid host immune defenses?

    <p>Influenzavirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the spike protein hemagglutinin found on Influenzavirus?

    <p>To facilitate adhesion to host cells and define tropism for specific cells and tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which viral glycoprotein interacts with CD4 and CCR5 or CXCR4 receptors on the surface of immune system cells?

    <p>gp120</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of annual influenza vaccines?

    <p>To provide protection against the most prevalent strains for that year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of antigenic drift in enveloped viruses, including influenza viruses?

    <p>Point mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of antigenic shift in enveloped viruses, including influenza viruses?

    <p>Gene reassortment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rate of antigenic variation in influenza viruses?

    <p>Very high</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of kinases in bacterial and viral pathogens?

    <p>To trigger the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial pathogen undergoes antigenic variation of its type IV pili to avoid immune defenses?

    <p>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial pathogen uses antigenic variation in the surface lipoprotein VlsE to cause chronic disease?

    <p>Borrelia burgdorferi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of adhesins in viral pathogens?

    <p>To facilitate adhesion to host cells and define the tropism of viruses for specific cells and tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial pathogen produces both coagulase and staphylokinase to promote clotting and stimulate the digestion of clots, respectively?

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is antigenic variation in pathogens?

    <p>The alteration of surface proteins to avoid recognition by the host's immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial pathogen undergoes antigenic variation of its type IV pili to avoid immune defenses?

    <p>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of kinases in pathogens?

    <p>To produce enzymes that digest fibrin clots and allow pathogens to escape and spread</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which viral adhesin binds to the sialic acid on the membrane of host respiratory and intestinal cells?

    <p>Spike protein hemagglutinin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of antigenic drift in influenza viruses?

    <p>Point mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of antigenic shift in influenza viruses?

    <p>Gene reassortment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rate of antigenic variation in influenza viruses?

    <p>High</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of annual influenza vaccines?

    <p>To protect against the most prevalent strains of influenza viruses for that year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which viral glycoprotein interacts with CD4 and CCR5 or CXCR4 receptors on the surface of immune system cells for viral entry?

    <p>Glycoprotein gp120</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial pathogen uses antigenic variation in the surface lipoprotein VlsE to cause chronic disease?

    <p>Borrelia burgdorferi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of antigenic variation in pathogens?

    <p>To avoid recognition by the host's immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial pathogen uses both coagulase and staphylokinase to promote clotting and stimulate the digestion of clots, respectively?

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of adhesins in viruses?

    <p>To facilitate adhesion to host cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which viral adhesin binds to CD4 and CCR5 or CXCR4 receptors on the surface of immune system cells for viral entry?

    <p>Gp120</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of antigenic drift in influenza viruses?

    <p>Point mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of antigenic shift in influenza viruses?

    <p>Gene reassortment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of annual influenza vaccines?

    <p>To provide protection against the most prevalent strains for that year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial pathogen undergoes antigenic variation of its type IV pili to avoid immune defenses?

    <p>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of kinases in pathogens?

    <p>To trigger the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enveloped viruses rely on antigenic variation to avoid host immune defenses?

    <p>Specific enveloped viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the surface lipoprotein used by Borrelia burgdorferi to cause chronic disease through antigenic variation?

    <p>VlsE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the antigenic variation in influenza viruses caused by?

    <p>Both gene reassortment and point mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of adhesins in viral pathogens?

    <p>To facilitate adhesion to host cells and define the tropism of viruses for specific cells and tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the causative agent of Lyme disease?

    <p>Borrelia burgdorferi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial pathogen produces both coagulase and staphylokinase to promote clotting and stimulate the digestion of clots?

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of antigenic variation in Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

    <p>Alteration of type IV pili</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of kinases in bacterial and viral pathogens?

    <p>To trigger the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of staphylokinase in bacterial pathogens?

    <p>To digest fibrin clots and allow pathogens to escape and spread</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of coagulase in bacterial pathogens?

    <p>To trigger the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of antigenic drift in enveloped viruses, including influenza viruses?

    <p>Point mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of antigenic shift in enveloped viruses, including influenza viruses?

    <p>Gene reassortment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rate of antigenic variation in influenza viruses?

    <p>Very high</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of annual influenza vaccines?

    <p>To provide protection against the most prevalent strains for that year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which viral glycoprotein interacts with CD4 and CCR5 or CXCR4 of immune system cells for viral entry?

    <p>gp120</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of staphylokinase in Staphylococcus aureus infections?

    <p>To digest fibrin clots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of antigenic variation in pathogens?

    <p>To avoid recognition by the host immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of adhesins in viral infections?

    <p>To promote adhesion to host cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which viral glycoprotein interacts with CD4 and CCR5 or CXCR4 receptors on the surface of immune system cells for viral entry?

    <p>Gp120</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of antigenic drift in enveloped viruses, including influenza viruses?

    <p>Point mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of antigenic shift in enveloped viruses, including influenza viruses?

    <p>Gene reassortment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the high rate of antigenic variation in influenza viruses due to?

    <p>Point mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of annual influenza vaccines?

    <p>To provide protection against the most prevalent strains for that year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of kinases in pathogen infections?

    <p>To digest fibrin clots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial pathogen undergoes antigenic variation of its type IV pili to avoid immune defenses?

    <p>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial pathogen uses antigenic variation in the surface lipoprotein VlsE to cause chronic disease?

    <p>Borrelia burgdorferi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enveloped virus uses the spike protein hemagglutinin to bind to the sialic acid on the membrane of host respiratory and intestinal cells?

    <p>Influenzavirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of adhesins in viruses?

    <p>To facilitate adhesion to host cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial pathogen produces both coagulase and staphylokinase to protect itself and escape?

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is antigenic variation in pathogens?

    <p>The alteration of surface proteins to avoid recognition by the host's immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial pathogen undergoes antigenic variation of its type IV pili to evade immune defenses?

    <p>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of kinases in pathogens?

    <p>To trigger the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the viral adhesin that binds to the sialic acid on the membrane of host respiratory and intestinal cells?

    <p>Hemagglutinin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of antigenic drift in influenza viruses?

    <p>Point mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of antigenic shift in influenza viruses?

    <p>Gene reassortment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of annual influenza vaccines?

    <p>To provide protection against the most prevalent strains for that year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which viral glycoprotein interacts with CD4 and CCR5 or CXCR4 of immune system cells for viral entry?

    <p>Gp120</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bacterial pathogen that uses antigenic variation in the surface lipoprotein VlsE to cause chronic disease?

    <p>Borrelia burgdorferi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the high rate of antigenic variation in influenza viruses attributed to?

    <p>Point mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of adhesins in viral pathogens?

    <p>To facilitate adhesion to host cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial pathogen produces both coagulase and staphylokinase to protect itself and escape from the host's immune system?

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of antigenic variation in bacterial pathogens?

    <p>Alteration of surface proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enveloped virus relies on antigenic variation to avoid host immune defenses?

    <p>Influenzavirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial pathogen undergoes antigenic variation of its type IV pili to avoid immune defenses?

    <p>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the spike protein hemagglutinin found on Influenzavirus?

    <p>To bind to the sialic acid on the membrane of host respiratory and intestinal cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of gp120 in HIV?

    <p>To interact with CD4 and CCR5 or CXCR4 receptors on the surface of immune system cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is antigenic drift in influenza viruses caused by?

    <p>Point mutations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is antigenic shift in influenza viruses caused by?

    <p>Gene reassortment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of annual influenza vaccines?

    <p>To provide protection against the most prevalent strains for that year.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rate of antigenic variation in influenza viruses?

    <p>Very high</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of kinases in bacterial and viral pathogens?

    <p>To trigger the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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