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Introduction to Embedded Systems and Microprocessors

• Embedded systems are special versions of computers that are part of another system, such as remote controls, washing machines, automobiles, and aircraft.

• A basic computer system consists of the central processing unit (CPU), memory unit, and input/output units, interconnected with buses.

• The CPU consists of the arithmetic/logic unit (ALU), registers, and a control unit, which directs the operation of all other units.

• The memory unit contains RAM and ROM and is controlled by the control unit for read or write operations.

• Input devices supply data for processing, while output devices display or provide results of computer operations.

• The CPU is linked to other parts of the system by three major buses: the address bus, data bus, and control bus.

• Intel Corporation designed the 4004 microprocessor in 1978, which was revolutionary because it was designed on a single integrated circuit.

• As processors progress in performance, older models become obsolete, but the technology is passed on to embedded systems.

• The need for more computing power arises from more uses for computing power, such as image and video data and analytics that require large addressing space and high-speed storage.

• The Intel series of microprocessors became popular because of the IBM PC introduced in 1982, and programs used then can still run on today's desktop systems.

• The use of the PC over decades has brought about many hardware and software applications, translating into quick application development for sophisticated applications.

• Embedded systems have characteristics such as being used for a fixed purpose, small size, limited resources, failure tolerance, real-time control, guaranteed response time, reliability, and simple input and output.Introduction to Embedded Systems and Power Management

• An embedded system is a computer system designed to perform specific tasks and is part of a larger system.

• Embedded systems have to work with external devices and often have to service multiple devices simultaneously.

• Hardware techniques such as interrupts, timers, and direct memory access are built into processors to help perform these tasks.

• Power consumption is a crucial consideration in embedded systems, and low power consumption is necessary to avoid adding to the cost of the host system.

• The Internet of Things (IoT) has led to an emerging trend of incorporating embedded systems into everyday life, making power management increasingly important.

• Power savings can be achieved in embedded systems through program design, power supply, and processor hardware.

• A lower number of instructions executed can help reduce energy consumption, and it is important to switch to low power modes as soon as possible.

• Low drop out (LDO) voltage regulators are used to reduce power consumption, but switching regulators can also be used to supply voltage.

• Energy harvesting is a promising alternative to batteries for powering embedded systems.

• The rate at which software executes affects power consumption, and lowering the frequency of the clock can optimize power consumption.

• DMA controllers can transfer data on every clock cycle, making data transfer faster and more efficient than software operations.

• Embedded systems have become more prevalent due to the widespread use of smartphones and the IoT, making power management an important area of development.