Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is one requirement for TESLA receivers regarding time synchronization?
What is one requirement for TESLA receivers regarding time synchronization?
- They must be perfectly synchronized with the sender.
- They must be completely unsynchronized.
- They need to have real-time synchronization with external sources.
- They need to be loosely synchronized with the sender. (correct)
How is a one-way chain generated according to the protocol?
How is a one-way chain generated according to the protocol?
- By randomly selecting a starting point and applying a one-way function. (correct)
- By using a symmetric encryption algorithm.
- By applying a two-way function multiple times.
- By generating a series of time-stamped values.
What is the purpose of using one-way chains in protocols?
What is the purpose of using one-way chains in protocols?
- To create a consensus among multiple receivers.
- To ensure secure real-time communication.
- To commit to a sequence of random values. (correct)
- To encrypt messages with multiple keys.
What does TESLA need for authenticating keys at the receiver?
What does TESLA need for authenticating keys at the receiver?
In the context of a one-way chain, what role does s0 play?
In the context of a one-way chain, what role does s0 play?
What is the first use case mentioned for one-way chains?
What is the first use case mentioned for one-way chains?
What must not be strictly required by TESLA for time synchronization?
What must not be strictly required by TESLA for time synchronization?
What characteristic do one-way chains possess?
What characteristic do one-way chains possess?
What is required for the sender and receivers in the TESLA protocol?
What is required for the sender and receivers in the TESLA protocol?
What does the sender do with each packet in the TESLA protocol?
What does the sender do with each packet in the TESLA protocol?
How does a receiver determine if the MAC key used for a packet is still secret?
How does a receiver determine if the MAC key used for a packet is still secret?
In what manner does the one-way chain function in TESLA?
In what manner does the one-way chain function in TESLA?
What happens if the MAC key is found to be non-secret by the receiver?
What happens if the MAC key is found to be non-secret by the receiver?
What does the sender provide in addition to the packet?
What does the sender provide in addition to the packet?
How is time divided in TESLA for key assignments?
How is time divided in TESLA for key assignments?
What does buffering a packet by the receiver indicate in the context of TESLA?
What does buffering a packet by the receiver indicate in the context of TESLA?
What is the primary purpose of the nonce in the protocol?
What is the primary purpose of the nonce in the protocol?
Which key does the sender use to sign the response message sent to the receiver?
Which key does the sender use to sign the response message sent to the receiver?
What does the receiver do immediately upon receiving the first message from the sender?
What does the receiver do immediately upon receiving the first message from the sender?
How does the receiver compute the upper bound on the sender’s clock at the current local time t?
How does the receiver compute the upper bound on the sender’s clock at the current local time t?
What does the real synchronization error after the protocol represent?
What does the real synchronization error after the protocol represent?
What does the receiver assume before starting the protocol?
What does the receiver assume before starting the protocol?
During which step does the receiver record its local time?
During which step does the receiver record its local time?
What information does the sender include in the message sent back to the receiver?
What information does the sender include in the message sent back to the receiver?
What is the purpose of using the one-way function F in the key chain?
What is the purpose of using the one-way function F in the key chain?
How does the sender compute the MAC for packet Pj+3?
How does the sender compute the MAC for packet Pj+3?
What action does a receiver take upon receiving the disclosed key Ki?
What action does a receiver take upon receiving the disclosed key Ki?
What is the key disclosure delay as indicated in the content?
What is the key disclosure delay as indicated in the content?
What ensures the legitimacy of the received key Ki?
What ensures the legitimacy of the received key Ki?
What is the main focus of time intervals as illustrated in the figure?
What is the main focus of time intervals as illustrated in the figure?
What happens to keys as time progresses in the system shown?
What happens to keys as time progresses in the system shown?
What is the significance of packets in time interval management?
What is the significance of packets in time interval management?
What is the purpose of the receiver computing Ki = F(Ki)?
What is the purpose of the receiver computing Ki = F(Ki)?
What does the security of TESLA primarily depend on?
What does the security of TESLA primarily depend on?
What is the relationship between key disclosure delay and network propagation delay in TESLA?
What is the relationship between key disclosure delay and network propagation delay in TESLA?
What assumption is made about the receiver's clock in the TESLA protocol?
What assumption is made about the receiver's clock in the TESLA protocol?
What type of resistance does the function F provide in TESLA?
What type of resistance does the function F provide in TESLA?
Which of the following is necessary for broadcast authentication in TESLA?
Which of the following is necessary for broadcast authentication in TESLA?
What role does the timestamping server play in the TESLA protocol?
What role does the timestamping server play in the TESLA protocol?
What is required for nodes to trust the timestamping server in TESLA?
What is required for nodes to trust the timestamping server in TESLA?
What type of document does S.Haber and W.Stornetta propose a method for in their 1991 work?
What type of document does S.Haber and W.Stornetta propose a method for in their 1991 work?
Which aspect of network protocol does D.Mills focus on in his RFC 1305?
Which aspect of network protocol does D.Mills focus on in his RFC 1305?
What year was the work 'Ariadne: A secure on-demand routing protocol for ad hoc networks' published?
What year was the work 'Ariadne: A secure on-demand routing protocol for ad hoc networks' published?
Which protocol focuses on authentication using one-time passwords, according to N.Haller's 1992 work?
Which protocol focuses on authentication using one-time passwords, according to N.Haller's 1992 work?
In which year was the discussion on 'How to sign digital streams' presented?
In which year was the discussion on 'How to sign digital streams' presented?
What is the primary focus of the work done by H.Lipmaa in their PhD thesis?
What is the primary focus of the work done by H.Lipmaa in their PhD thesis?
What was one of the main contributions of L.Lamport and P.Melliar-Smith in their 1985 work?
What was one of the main contributions of L.Lamport and P.Melliar-Smith in their 1985 work?
Which conference proceedings include the work on 'IP multicast channels: EXPRESS support for large-scale single-source applications'?
Which conference proceedings include the work on 'IP multicast channels: EXPRESS support for large-scale single-source applications'?
Flashcards
Time Synchronization Request
Time Synchronization Request
A request issued by the receiver to obtain an upper bound on the sender's time.
Sender's Response
Sender's Response
The sender's reply containing its timestamp and a nonce.
Receiver's Upper Bound Calculation
Receiver's Upper Bound Calculation
Calculating an upper limit on the sender's time, based on the received timestamp.
TESLA
TESLA
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Nonce
Nonce
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Digital Signature
Digital Signature
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Synchronization Error
Synchronization Error
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One-way Chain
One-way Chain
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One-way function (F)
One-way function (F)
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Time Synchronization (TESLA)
Time Synchronization (TESLA)
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Secure Broadcast Authentication
Secure Broadcast Authentication
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Per-packet overhead
Per-packet overhead
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Signature Scheme
Signature Scheme
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s0
s0
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s1, s2, ... s_n
s1, s2, ... s_n
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Key Disclosure Delay (d)
Key Disclosure Delay (d)
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MAC (Message Authentication Code)
MAC (Message Authentication Code)
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Key Chain (F)
Key Chain (F)
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Derived MAC Keys (F')
Derived MAC Keys (F')
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Time Interval
Time Interval
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Packet Pj+3
Packet Pj+3
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Receiver Key Validation
Receiver Key Validation
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Key Ki
Key Ki
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TESLA protocol
TESLA protocol
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TESLA Security
TESLA Security
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Disclosure time
Disclosure time
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Receiver Clock Synchronization
Receiver Clock Synchronization
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Keys (Ki)
Keys (Ki)
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One-way chains
One-way chains
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Packet Safety
Packet Safety
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Time interval
Time interval
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TESLA Asymmetric Security
TESLA Asymmetric Security
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MAC
MAC
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Loose time synchronization
Loose time synchronization
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Time-Stamping Server
Time-Stamping Server
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Loose Synchronization
Loose Synchronization
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Self-authenticating one-way chain
Self-authenticating one-way chain
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Sender setup
Sender setup
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Secure PRFs
Secure PRFs
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Receiver operation
Receiver operation
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Time-stamping a digital document
Time-stamping a digital document
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Network Time Protocol (NTP)
Network Time Protocol (NTP)
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Password authentication
Password authentication
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Cryptographic bounds
Cryptographic bounds
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Broadcast Authentication
Broadcast Authentication
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Secure Time-Stamping
Secure Time-Stamping
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One-time password system (OTP)
One-time password system (OTP)
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IP multicast channels
IP multicast channels
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Secure on-demand routing
Secure on-demand routing
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Digital Signature Scheme
Digital Signature Scheme
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Study Notes
TESLA Broadcast Authentication Protocol
- Â Broadcast communication is becoming more popular for efficient data dissemination (e.g., satellite broadcasts, wireless radio broadcast, IP multicast)
- A major challenge is source authentication: ensuring receivers can verify the source of broadcast data and that it hasn't been tampered with.
- Traditional point-to-point authentication methods (using shared secret keys) aren't secure for broadcast because anyone with the secret key can forge packets.
- TESLA (Timed, Efficient Stream Loss-tolerant Authentication) protocol addresses this, enabling receivers to verify the sender of broadcast packets.
- Â TESLA relies on loosely synchronized clocks between sender and receivers.
- Â It uses symmetric cryptography (message authentication codes - MACs) to authenticate packets.
- The sender attaches a MAC to each packet, computed with a key only it knows.
- The receiver buffers the packet.
- Later, the sender discloses the key, allowing the receiver to authenticate the packet.
- This protocol has low communication and computational overhead, scaling to large numbers of receivers.
Time Synchronization
- TESLA requires loosely synchronized clocks between sender and receivers.
- Receivers only need an upper bound on the sender's clock.
- This approach, outlined in the paper, doesn't require special infrastructure for synchronization.
- The receiver needs an upper bound on the sender’s clock.
One-Way Chains
- One way chains are used to commit to a sequence of random values.
- A one-way chain is a sequence of values, each derived from the previous one using a one-way hash function.
- Â The sender computes the chain and reveals values in a specific order.
- The receiver can verify elements of the chain.
- Â This method provides commitments without revealing the entire one-way chain.
TESLA Protocol Details
- The sender divides time into uniform intervals.
- A key from a one-way chain is assigned to each interval (one key per time interval).
- The sender computes a MAC for each packet using the key from the corresponding interval that it will disclose later.
- The sender discloses keys corresponding to a certain time interval.
- The receiver checks if the disclosed keys are safe and verify the MAC of the buffered packets.
Security Considerations
- TESLA relies on the assumption that receivers and senders are loosely time synchronized with an upper bound on difference.
- Receivers periodically resynchronize their clocks.
- The protocol uses secure PRFs (Pseudo-Random Functions).
- Weak collision resistance is important for the protocol's security.
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