TESLA Broadcast Authentication Protocol

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Questions and Answers

What is one requirement for TESLA receivers regarding time synchronization?

  • They must be perfectly synchronized with the sender.
  • They must be completely unsynchronized.
  • They need to have real-time synchronization with external sources.
  • They need to be loosely synchronized with the sender. (correct)

How is a one-way chain generated according to the protocol?

  • By randomly selecting a starting point and applying a one-way function. (correct)
  • By using a symmetric encryption algorithm.
  • By applying a two-way function multiple times.
  • By generating a series of time-stamped values.

What is the purpose of using one-way chains in protocols?

  • To create a consensus among multiple receivers.
  • To ensure secure real-time communication.
  • To commit to a sequence of random values. (correct)
  • To encrypt messages with multiple keys.

What does TESLA need for authenticating keys at the receiver?

<p>An efficient mechanism like one-way chains. (C)</p>
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In the context of a one-way chain, what role does s0 play?

<p>It is a commitment to the entire one-way chain. (D)</p>
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What is the first use case mentioned for one-way chains?

<p>One-time passwords by Lamport. (B)</p>
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What must not be strictly required by TESLA for time synchronization?

<p>Complex time synchronization properties. (C)</p>
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What characteristic do one-way chains possess?

<p>They allow verification of any element through a single commitment. (C)</p>
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What is required for the sender and receivers in the TESLA protocol?

<p>They must be loosely time-synchronized. (C)</p>
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What does the sender do with each packet in the TESLA protocol?

<p>Attaches a MAC computed over the packet contents. (C)</p>
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How does a receiver determine if the MAC key used for a packet is still secret?

<p>It verifies the time interval of the sender. (A)</p>
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In what manner does the one-way chain function in TESLA?

<p>It is used in reverse order of generation. (D)</p>
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What happens if the MAC key is found to be non-secret by the receiver?

<p>The packet is discarded immediately. (B)</p>
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What does the sender provide in addition to the packet?

<p>The most recent one-way chain value that can be disclosed. (A)</p>
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How is time divided in TESLA for key assignments?

<p>In uniform intervals of duration $Tint$. (A)</p>
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What does buffering a packet by the receiver indicate in the context of TESLA?

<p>The MAC key is still secret and undisclosed. (B)</p>
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What is the primary purpose of the nonce in the protocol?

<p>To provide a random value that prevents replay attacks. (D)</p>
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Which key does the sender use to sign the response message sent to the receiver?

<p>The private key KS−1. (B)</p>
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What does the receiver do immediately upon receiving the first message from the sender?

<p>Verifies the digital signature and stores the sender time. (B)</p>
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How does the receiver compute the upper bound on the sender’s clock at the current local time t?

<p>$t - tR + tS$. (B)</p>
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What does the real synchronization error after the protocol represent?

<p>The upper limit on how much the sender's clock can differ. (D)</p>
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What does the receiver assume before starting the protocol?

<p>A mechanism exists for verifying the sender’s public key. (C)</p>
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During which step does the receiver record its local time?

<p>Before sending the first message. (D)</p>
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What information does the sender include in the message sent back to the receiver?

<p>Sender's time and the random nonce. (C)</p>
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What is the purpose of using the one-way function F in the key chain?

<p>To generate derived MAC keys (A)</p>
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How does the sender compute the MAC for packet Pj+3?

<p>Using key Ki+1 (D)</p>
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What action does a receiver take upon receiving the disclosed key Ki?

<p>Check if it is known or if a later key Kj is available (B)</p>
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What is the key disclosure delay as indicated in the content?

<p>2 time intervals (A)</p>
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What ensures the legitimacy of the received key Ki?

<p>Verification against an earlier key Kv (C)</p>
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What is the main focus of time intervals as illustrated in the figure?

<p>To create uniform timing for key generation (D)</p>
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What happens to keys as time progresses in the system shown?

<p>Older keys may still be conveyed alongside new keys (D)</p>
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What is the significance of packets in time interval management?

<p>They illustrate how keys correspond to specific packets (B)</p>
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What is the purpose of the receiver computing Ki = F(Ki)?

<p>To verify packet authenticity (A)</p>
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What does the security of TESLA primarily depend on?

<p>The computational intractability for attackers (B)</p>
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What is the relationship between key disclosure delay and network propagation delay in TESLA?

<p>Key disclosure delay should not be much longer than network propagation delay. (A)</p>
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What assumption is made about the receiver's clock in the TESLA protocol?

<p>It has a maximum error of ∆ and can be re-synchronized. (C)</p>
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What type of resistance does the function F provide in TESLA?

<p>Weak collision resistance (C)</p>
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Which of the following is necessary for broadcast authentication in TESLA?

<p>Asymmetric key encryption (C)</p>
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What role does the timestamping server play in the TESLA protocol?

<p>It timestamps all TESLA packets it receives. (B)</p>
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What is required for nodes to trust the timestamping server in TESLA?

<p>All nodes must be loosely synchronized and trust the server. (B)</p>
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What type of document does S.Haber and W.Stornetta propose a method for in their 1991 work?

<p>Time-stamped documents (A)</p>
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Which aspect of network protocol does D.Mills focus on in his RFC 1305?

<p>Time synchronization (D)</p>
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What year was the work 'Ariadne: A secure on-demand routing protocol for ad hoc networks' published?

<p>2002 (B)</p>
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Which protocol focuses on authentication using one-time passwords, according to N.Haller's 1992 work?

<p>S/Key (D)</p>
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In which year was the discussion on 'How to sign digital streams' presented?

<p>1997 (C)</p>
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What is the primary focus of the work done by H.Lipmaa in their PhD thesis?

<p>Secure and efficient time-stamping systems (A)</p>
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What was one of the main contributions of L.Lamport and P.Melliar-Smith in their 1985 work?

<p>Fault tolerance in time synchronization (C)</p>
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Which conference proceedings include the work on 'IP multicast channels: EXPRESS support for large-scale single-source applications'?

<p>ACM SIGCOMM (C)</p>
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Flashcards

Time Synchronization Request

A request issued by the receiver to obtain an upper bound on the sender's time.

Sender's Response

The sender's reply containing its timestamp and a nonce.

Receiver's Upper Bound Calculation

Calculating an upper limit on the sender's time, based on the received timestamp.

TESLA

A time synchronization protocol where the receiver is interested in an upper bound on the sender's clock time.

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Nonce

A randomly generated value used for authentication.

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Digital Signature

Used to authenticate the sender's message.

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Synchronization Error

Difference between sender and receiver clocks.

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One-way Chain

A cryptographic primitive using a one-way hash function to generate a sequence of values, where each value depends on the previous one.

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One-way function (F)

A function that's easy to compute but hard to invert given the output.

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Time Synchronization (TESLA)

Ensuring that receivers are synchronized with the sender's time in a secure communication protocol, for example, TESLA.

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Secure Broadcast Authentication

Protocol that guarantees the authenticity of a broadcast message.

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Per-packet overhead

The additional computational or storage cost associated with each packet in a data transmission.

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Signature Scheme

A cryptographic method for verifying the authenticity and integrity of a digital document, message, or other data.

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s0

The commitment to a complete one-way chain. It allows verification of any value in the chain.

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s1, s2, ... s_n

The various elements of a generated one-way chain.

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Key Disclosure Delay (d)

The number of time intervals after a key is generated before it's disclosed.

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MAC (Message Authentication Code)

A cryptographic checksum used to authenticate data packets.

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Key Chain (F)

A sequence of cryptographic keys generated using a one-way function.

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Derived MAC Keys (F')

Keys obtained from the main key chain (F) used to compute MACs.

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Time Interval

A fixed length period of time in a system.

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Packet Pj+3

A particular packet sent at time interval i+1.

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Receiver Key Validation

Verifying the legitimacy of received keys by checking previous keys.

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Key Ki

A specific key in the generated key chain.

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TESLA protocol

A protocol for secure communication, scalable to many receivers, using one-way chains, and time-synchronization.

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TESLA Security

TESLA's security relies on the computational intractability of forging packets authenticated by receivers.

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Disclosure time

The time at which a sender reveals a value in a one-way chain.

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Receiver Clock Synchronization

Receiver's clock is synchronized to the sender's with a maximum error ∆ (delta).

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Keys (Ki)

Keys used by the receiver to verify the authenticity of TESLA packets.

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One-way chains

A cryptographic system generating values sequentially, where later values depend on previous ones.

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Packet Safety

A packet is safe if the sender disclosed the matching key.

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Time interval

A uniform duration used for key disclosure in TESLA by using one-way chain.

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TESLA Asymmetric Security

Asymmetric security is achieved by loosely time-synchronized clocks and delayed key disclosure.

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MAC

Message Authentication Code. A cryptographic checksum ensuring the integrity of a message.

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Loose time synchronization

Clocks of sender and receivers are not precisely matched, but are within acceptable tolerance for the protocol.

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Time-Stamping Server

A server that validates and timestamps TESLA packets, fostering trust in the network.

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Loose Synchronization

Nodes in a network have slightly different clocks but are within a defined error margin.

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Self-authenticating one-way chain

Using a one-way chain to cryptographically authenticate messages based on the time of transmission.

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Sender setup

The sender's configuration in TESLA protocol to divide time into uniform intervals and assign a key from the one-way chain to each interval.

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Secure PRFs

Cryptographic functions that provide pseudo-random outputs making it hard to predict.

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Receiver operation

A process in the TESLA protocol where receivers verify that a received message is not compromised by checking the MAC key's secrecy by the disclosure time and buffer the message if valid

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Time-stamping a digital document

Adding a timestamp to a document to verify its creation time.

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Network Time Protocol (NTP)

A protocol for synchronizing computer clocks over a network.

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Password authentication

Verifying user identity using a password.

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Cryptographic bounds

Mathematical limits on cryptographic systems.

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Broadcast Authentication

Ensuring authenticity of information in a broadcast environment.

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Secure Time-Stamping

Creating timestamp documents that cannot be tampered with.

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One-time password system (OTP)

System generating unique passwords for each login.

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IP multicast channels

Networks for transmitting data from a single source to groups of recipients.

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Secure on-demand routing

Routing paths that are established securely.

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Digital Signature Scheme

Cryptographic method to verify the authenticity of a message.

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Study Notes

TESLA Broadcast Authentication Protocol

  •  Broadcast communication is becoming more popular for efficient data dissemination (e.g., satellite broadcasts, wireless radio broadcast, IP multicast)
  • A major challenge is source authentication: ensuring receivers can verify the source of broadcast data and that it hasn't been tampered with.
  • Traditional point-to-point authentication methods (using shared secret keys) aren't secure for broadcast because anyone with the secret key can forge packets.
  • TESLA (Timed, Efficient Stream Loss-tolerant Authentication) protocol addresses this, enabling receivers to verify the sender of broadcast packets.
  •  TESLA relies on loosely synchronized clocks between sender and receivers.
  •  It uses symmetric cryptography (message authentication codes - MACs) to authenticate packets.
  • The sender attaches a MAC to each packet, computed with a key only it knows.
  • The receiver buffers the packet.
  • Later, the sender discloses the key, allowing the receiver to authenticate the packet.
  • This protocol has low communication and computational overhead, scaling to large numbers of receivers.

Time Synchronization

  • TESLA requires loosely synchronized clocks between sender and receivers.
  • Receivers only need an upper bound on the sender's clock.
  • This approach, outlined in the paper, doesn't require special infrastructure for synchronization.
  • The receiver needs an upper bound on the sender’s clock.

One-Way Chains

  • One way chains are used to commit to a sequence of random values.
  • A one-way chain is a sequence of values, each derived from the previous one using a one-way hash function.
  •  The sender computes the chain and reveals values in a specific order.
  • The receiver can verify elements of the chain.
  •  This method provides commitments without revealing the entire one-way chain.

TESLA Protocol Details

  • The sender divides time into uniform intervals.
  • A key from a one-way chain is assigned to each interval (one key per time interval).
  • The sender computes a MAC for each packet using the key from the corresponding interval that it will disclose later.
  • The sender discloses keys corresponding to a certain time interval.
  • The receiver checks if the disclosed keys are safe and verify the MAC of the buffered packets.

Security Considerations

  • TESLA relies on the assumption that receivers and senders are loosely time synchronized with an upper bound on difference.
  • Receivers periodically resynchronize their clocks.
  • The protocol uses secure PRFs (Pseudo-Random Functions).
  • Weak collision resistance is important for the protocol's security.

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