Tertiary Sector: Definition & Characteristics

Sector Terciario Definition

• It consists of diverse activities, excluding primary (agriculture) and secondary sectors (industry, construction).

Sector Terciario Characteristics

• It features intangibility, near impossibility of storage, and instant production-consumption.

Relationship Between Production and Services

• There exists mutual reinforcement between the two, especially in recent decades.

Internal Structure by Historical Appearance

• Traditional: Commerce
• Modern: Tourism
• Neoindustrial: Marketing, auditing

Internal Structure by Service Type

• Public: Aims to meet social objectives and territorial planning needs (healthcare, education)
• Private: Governed by market laws, serving clientele (commerce, banking)

Internal Structure by Target

• Consumer services: Commerce, tourism
• Integrated into production or business services: Management, security, marketing, transport

Quaternary Sector

• It is also known as the superior tertiary sector, including financial, IT, research, and management services.

Transport Definition

• It is the movement of people and goods between geographical locations via land, sea, or air.

Transport System

• It includes means (vehicles) and infrastructure.

Transport System Components

• Means: Mobile elements like cars, buses, trains, ships, airplanes
• Infrastructure: Fixed constructions like roads, railways, ports, airports

Transport Functions

• Political: State defense and territorial control
• Demographic: Influencing population settlement
• Economic: Facilitating trade, providing employment, stimulating economic growth
• Social: Enabling daily and leisure travel
• Cultural: Spreading culture
• International: Promoting international relations and globalization

Spanish Transport Evolution

• It has significantly improved since the mid-1980s but still faces challenges.

Spanish Transport Challenges: Unfavorable Physical Environment

• Difficult terrain with steep slopes increases railway and road construction costs.
• Frost, heavy rainfall, and fog disrupt traffic.

Spanish Transport Challenges: Adapting to Physical Characteristics

• The network must adapt to physical features like mountain and sea ports and river valleys.

Spanish Transport Challenges: Radial Structure

• Terrestrial and aerial networks are radial, facilitating center-periphery relations but hindering periphery-periphery communications.

Spanish Transport Challenges: Radial Pattern Centered in Madrid

• Land and rail networks are centered in Madrid, dating back to the 18th and 19th centuries.

Spanish Transport Challenges: Peripheral Airport Connections

• Madrid has direct connections to almost all Spanish airports and major foreign airports, which forces peripheral airports to connect through the capital.

Predominance of Road Transport in Spain

• Inland passenger and freight transport relies heavily on roads for affordable door-to-door service.
• International transport sees more air travel for passengers and maritime transport for goods.

Technical Modernization

• Since the mid-1980s, transport has increased in speed, tonnage, specialization, autonomy, comfort, and safety.

Intelligent Transport Systems (SIT)

• Incorporating new information technologies to design faster routes, control traffic and vehicle positions, and track goods in real time.

Territorial Imbalances

• Significant disparities exist in network density and quality.
• More accessible areas are economically and demographically dynamic but experience traffic saturation.

Environmental Impact

• The transport system has a significant spatial impact, visual impact, acoustic impact, pollutes the atmosphere, fragments ecosystems, and contributes to resource depletion like oil.

Lack of Global Integration

• Improvement is needed in European and global transport integration by mitigating Spain's peripheral position within Europe and leveraging its geographic position for international traffic.

Transport Policy Framework

• Aims to rebalance transport modes, promote rail and navigation, and achieve sustainable and environmentally responsible transport.

The Spanish Transport Policy is Guided By

• By the Strategic Infrastructure Transport Plan (PEIT) 2005-2020, aiming to create an efficient system that fosters social cohesion, environmental sustainability, and economic competitiveness.

Transport Policy Measures

• Correcting network radiality, balancing road dominance, improving infrastructure efficiency, ensuring equitable access, contributing to environmental sustainability, and promoting integration with Europe and the world.

Road Transport Network

• Managed among the State, autonomous communities, and provincial councils.

State Road Network

• It connects major population centers and links to the international network.

Autonomous Community Road Network

• It covers intraregional mobility and connects to the state network.

Provincial Councils Road Network

• It ensures inter-district communications and access to all population centers.

Peninsular Road Network

• The peninsular road network features a radial design centered in Madrid, it originated in the 18th century and consolidated in 1960.

Road Traffic Concentration

• Most inland passenger and freight traffic concentrates on roads due to lower costs and door-to-door service.

State Road Network Characteristics

• The state network has the most highways and lacks sections below 7 meters wide.
• It predominantly uses high-quality asphalt pavement.

Autonomous and Local Road Networks Characteristics

• They have more deficiencies in width and pavement.

Road Network Density

• It is highest in richer regions (Madrid, Catalonia, Valencia), areas with dispersed populations, fragmented relief, and islands.

Lower Road Density

• It is evident in less dynamic communities and areas with distant population centers such as Extremadura, Aragon, and both Castiles and Andalucia.

High Traffic Intensity

• It is found on high-capacity roads, especially in the Mediterranean and Ebro corridors and within 60-80 km of radial roads from Madrid.

Road Transport Environmental Actions

• Focuses on reducing car pollution while encouraging public transport and rail.

Green Roads

• Sought after in high-value environmental areas.

Strategic Infrastructure Transport Plan

• Aims for high road accessibility nationwide by creating a high-capacity mesh network connecting all provincial capitals for over 94% of the population by road.

European Integration of Road Transport

• Aimed at improving communications with France and Portugal through high-capacity routes.

Division of Responsibilities

• Responsibilities are divided between the State and autonomous communities.

State Rail Network

• Includes lines connecting autonomous communities and international networks.

Since 2005, ADIF

• The Administrator of Railway Infrastructures, manages the network and constructs new lines.

RENFE Operadora

• Provides passenger and freight services on conventional and high-speed networks and maintains rolling stock.

FEVE

• Provides passenger and freight services on narrow-gauge lines.

Conventional Rail Network Speeds

• Equipped for speeds below 200 km/h.

Conventional Rail Network Structure

• Has a radial structure on the Peninsula.

High-Speed Rail Network

• Equipped for speeds exceeding 200 km/h.

The Red de Vía Estrecha

• The narrow-gauge network is primarily located along the Cantabrian coast but also exists in other communities with its primary issue being underutilization.

Rail Traffic

• Passenger and freight volumes are lower than the European average.

Advantages of Railway Travel

• Passenger traffic is profitable on metropolitan commuter lines connecting urban peripheries with city centers and on high-speed lines.
• The railway passenger services are competitive with air travel over medium distances.

Rail Freight

• Freight traffic focuses on heavy and high-volume goods with improvements underway to expand the use of container systems for easier loading and unloading.

Rail Technical Characteristics

• The technical characteristics consist of notable contrasts.

Desequilibrios Territoriales Rail

• There are clear territorial imbalances in rail infrastructure equipment and accessibility.

The Most Equipped Rail Lines

• The most equipped lines connect the most economically dynamic areas (Madrid, Barcelona, ​​Bilbao, Valencia and Zaragoza).

Rail Accessibility Concentrated in Diagonals

• Accessibility is concentrated in the diagonal route by the high-speed lines and in the radial axes of the basic network, with minimal presence in areas near borders.

Environmental Actions for Rail Transport

• Aim to improve landscape integration, reduce barrier effects, control noise, and revalorize underused railways by repurposing stations or converting unused tracks into ecological routes.

Importance of Railways

• Is recognized by the Strategic Infrastructure Transport Plan, allocating nearly 50% of planned investments to rail.

Rail Transport Goals

• To be able to provide high accessibility to the entire territory, safety, reduce travel time and integrate freight.

Focus on Improving EU Rail

• Will improve rail transport.
• Focus on the integration into trans-European networks through links with Portugal and France.
• There will be a continuous rail traffic with the whole European network, and adaptation to the European width.

Port Authority Responsibilities

• State manages commercial ports with the autonomous communities controlling small fishing ports.

Maritime Passenger Traffic

• In long distances, it faces air travel competition, concentrating on cruises.

Domestic Freight Traffic

• It is used to transport petroleum products from coastal refineries to ports near industrial or urban areas.

International Freight Traffic

• It is primarily used to transport raw solid and liquid goods, mainly by ship for import and export.

Solid Bulk Traffic

• Is focused around coal, is concentrated near mineral resources or industries.

Liquid Bulk Traffic

• Is concentrated near refineries and petrochemical industries.

Current Trade Trends

• The trend is to move cargo into containers so that it is more general, that is transported in containers.

Characteristics of Spanish Ports

• Technical aspects vary in infrastructure as well as equipment.

Efforts to Improve Ports

• Efforts are being performed to improve Spanish ports, like, increasing cargo space, easier road and rail access.

Territorial Imbalances

• Exist in how merchandise is handled between Spanish ports as its success relies on prices, services and infrastructure.

Most Common Places Where Trade is Concentrated

• This is due to Algeciras being in a very good spot in the Transoceanic routes.

Environmental Impact of Maritime Transport

• Reducing and paying attention to the impact of port-related activities as well as boat traffic is an important consideration.

Maritime Integration

• The integration will take place by joining the EU.

European Maritime Integration

• There are also routes for high volume ships, between two ports of countries in the EU to try to rival the price and duration of highway traffic.

Fluvial Transport in Spain

• The transport is limited in the port of Seville, because of having difficulties.

Air Transport in Spain

• It is expanding rapidly due to the rise of the amount of fares among other reasons.

Airport Competencies

• The State still has all the power to decide the value of air interest of commercial among the others in its autonomous community

Airport Structure

• The structure of the airport is not the same; it is based on the airport in Madrid.

Air Traffic Contrasts

• The passenger traffic is good among midsize, long time trips, because of quickness and security.

The Low Movement of Products

• Is expensive, because of elevated cost and can be shifted at the price of what is being transported, mostly for goods that will expire, or that are valuable

Uneven Airline

• There can be a lot of airline differences among the region.

Integration in the EU

• Is based on the Singular European Space.

Integrated Transport System

• Integrating multiple modes into a single transport chain.

Logistics Platforms

• Areas to plan and manage freight transport, contract services, and transfer goods between modes.

Passenger intermodal transport

• A network of corridors and hubs with interchanges between transport modes with rail-bus terminals in medium cities.

Tourism Definition

• It encompasses the activities that people carry out during their trips and stays outside their usual surrounding.

Tourism Modalities

• Involves inbound tourism, domestic tourism, and outbound tourism.

Tourism Accommodation Stays

• Considered excursionists when less than 24 hours; tourists when the stay is longer.

National Tourism

• It is a popular sector of the globe in which there are 65 million out of the thousands in 2014 who visited.

Appeal of Tourism

• Most of their tourist spots have varying climates, landscapes and beaches.

Tourism Resources

• There is an abundance of sites like buildings and monuments.

Sun and Beach Tourism

• This was prominent in 1960 because of how much there was to see.

Characterisation of Tourist Activities

• Affordable and plentiful tourist activities, it is driven at a homogeneous rate.

Other Characteristics

• The heavy reliance on major tour companies has a big impact.

External Factors

• Helped spread the word of tourism, thanks to the creation of new transportation advancements.
• Factors Like economical and social development.

Internal Factors

• There is great climate, resources, and culture.

Tourist Crisis

• Occurred in 1973 and 1985, mainly caused from the economic state of Europe.

The Recovery of Tourism

• In 1985, there was a boom in tourism to Europe.

Factor in Growth

• Quality, different tourist locations which increased the expenditure.

Tourist Offer is

• Tourism is a range of services for the tourists along with installations.

Accommodation Locations:

• Most of the locations for hotels and stays are in the coast or Canary islands.

Types of Tourism

• Sun and beach is a big selling point with other activities.

Other Types

• Can include thermal springs or skiing.

Green Tourism

• Green tourism is for the protected eco locations, a place where it combines rest and tourist actions.

City Tourism

• Great amount of travel to historic locations.

Main Areas

• Some main ones are areas with many beaches or is commonly cities.

Touristic Locations

• There places can be the more hidden like sky resorts and old landmarks.

Tourism Impact

• Demographics include rising effects of population and jobs for youth.

In Population

• In the seashore side tourism grows the places quickly and gives high prices for land.

Money Factors

• Increase more jobs for people and is a multiplier effect that increases demand.

Tourist Impact

• Politically has led to expansion of roads and transports, because areas need to be accessible.
• Socially improves culture and lets people see the modern ways while losing the customs.
• Territoriality changes to accommodate visitors by moving the town.

Ecological

• Can devastate the lands because of so much tourism.

Politics of Tourism

• Problems are that they were so focused on just being at the beach.

The New Tourist Vision

• Make sure the location is for tourism, because it provides work, income, it can move currency.

Domestic Business

• An action that can take place by delivering products to where they need to go that consumers choose.

Types Of Consumer

• This is from the domestic business and exporting and importing.

Domestic Sales

• The location relies on transport with power.

The Old Way

• Change to stop middle workers.

Commerce Traits

• The sales are done now with websites, there are major and minor companies with commerce happening.

Business Changes

• Need to have a system in place to move stock.

Exterior Deals:

• Trades are happening with new technology.

Main Business

• The trade happens within Latin America and the EU.

Demographics

• The way to understand what data is.

Population Count

• Counting who make up a group of people can depend on who you question.

Registry

• Has the info, economic state of a person, the language.

The Municipal Padrón

• Has all the residence facts of who is living there.

Census

• The civil registry has all of the birth and death facts of a family.

Statistics and Surveys

• Another fact finders are surveys.

Population Numbers and Distribution in Spain

• The count of the population happened a lot between 2023 for a total of 48 million residents.

Population Density

• Population levels vary based on their location because the density can be low and high.

Affect on Distribution

• Farming did a good job for people living during the industry.

Economy

• People had most of their money.

Industrial Times

• Had industry which helped stabilize work.

Post Industrial Timeline

• This made life go on well between the zones.

Natural Movement

• Natural movement has been a bit unsteady among locations.

Reproductive Rate

• There is an affect in the rate of females bearing children based on total of citizens.

Birth Rate

• This says the average of many children a men can father.

Rate on Mortification

• Talks about the dying compared on earth.

Baby Death Rate

• Talks about death that has fallen with new people who get there with each count.

Time Alive

• Helps know the years that have fallen with the people.

Demographic System

• In the movement of population has affected the 3 sectors.

Long Natal

• Helps children prosper.

Short Mort

• There small meals given can lead to sickness.

Small Amount of Growth

• Is a bit small with the amount that relies on food.

Trans Demographic

• There place between the regime demographic has fallen between 1952 59 among the continents.

Affect is Falling

• The rate affect is because of less children.

Mortality Happened

• Had two points mainly the war and Spanish flu.

Spanish Flu

• Came when the war camp created after the war.

Growing Vegetation

• Is a bit high when it is down.

Current Demo

• Current demos are coming to 1975.

New Rate

• The change between the two rates helped bring the total rating out.

Mort Rate

• There are other small things that need a rate.

Health

• Help stop old disease.

Vegetation

• There has been slow moving growth leading up to 1988.

Migration Movers

• The person is moving to another position the person migrates with people.

Spain Population

• Have seen small shifts with the exterior which is affect them.

Moving Outside:

• People change their positions outside because of the local place.

Time Periods:

• These moves mostly happened from 1973-1975-1980.

Trad Moves

• People can be moving from the outside and come to build big places.

Temp Times:

• There times were high but short.

Village Side to things

• Are in the center with no industry on the outskirts.

Village Exod

• Made a huge shift in economy.

Migrater from Galicia side

• Where the more people traveled,

Consequence Village:

• These shifts hurt.

In City View:

• The cities made a place for productively.

Migration Facts Now

• After 1975 a lot has been changing.

Reason Migration

• Because there is work to to local.

Euro Migration

• These people move as they leave where they live.

Emigration To

• Are from where the people are mostly looking for jobs at low cost.

Emigrate A

• There emigration slowed down and went down in amount.

New Move

• The amount of migration is from new companies.

Effects of Migrating

• It brought the amount down of farmers who wanted to grow the goods.

Imigrant Facts

• The country is not the biggest when it has to deal with workers.

Causes

• As Spain grew it needed more people to do the manual side.

Economy of other Country

• Motive the need for money.

Pro Economy

• Because some of these help Spain succeed.

Imigrant Problems

• Because of the hard issues it makes for people taking their work.