Terrestrial Animals and Their Adaptations
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Questions and Answers

What is one advantage of breathing air compared to breathing water?

  • Oxygen is liquid at atmospheric pressure.
  • The partial pressure of Oâ‚‚ is higher in air. (correct)
  • Less water loss occurs in the respiratory process.
  • COâ‚‚ diffuses more easily into air.

Which process allows tardigrades to survive extreme dehydration?

  • Cryptobiosis. (correct)
  • Parthenogenesis.
  • Metabolism enhancement.
  • Aestivation.

How do terrestrial tardigrades primarily reproduce in stressed environments?

  • Via sexual reproduction. (correct)
  • Through budding.
  • By forming spores.
  • Through binary fission.

What is the role of spiracles in the tracheal system of certain organisms?

<p>Reduce evaporative water loss. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a cocoon for desert-dwelling frogs during aestivation?

<p>To retain moisture. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adaptation helps insects to manage gas exchange effectively?

<p>Tracheal system delivering air directly to tissues. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT associated with desiccation tolerance?

<p>Increased water absorption in roots. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of air-based respiration compared to water-based respiration?

<p>Evaporative water loss from respiratory surfaces. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adaptation do terrestrial animals primarily develop to reduce water loss?

<p>Waterproofing of the outer layer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nitrogenous waste product is excreted by reptiles, birds, and insects for water conservation?

<p>Uric acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do mammals enhance water conservation during excretion?

<p>Using a longer Loop of Henle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main factor affecting locomotion for terrestrial animals compared to aquatic environments?

<p>Density of the environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does metabolic water play for kangaroo rats in desert environments?

<p>It is crucial for maintaining hydration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which unique feature do velvet worms possess among terrestrial animals?

<p>They are the only completely terrestrial animal phylum. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do terrestrial insects face challenges with water loss?

<p>They have high surface area-to-volume ratios. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism do terrestrial animals use for gas exchange to avoid desiccation?

<p>Internalized gas exchange organs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic challenge for terrestrial animals?

<p>UV exposure from sunlight (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily limits water availability for terrestrial animals?

<p>Evaporative loss (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adaptation helps protect terrestrial embryos from desiccation?

<p>Amniotic membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy is primarily used by ectotherms to regulate their body temperature?

<p>Behavioral changes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of egg do amphibians typically lay for reproduction in water?

<p>Anamniotic eggs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a constraint on the sensory systems of terrestrial animals?

<p>Visual acuity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the extraembryonic membranes in amniotic eggs?

<p>Support the developing embryo (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do terrestrial animals expend energy on thermoregulation?

<p>To avoid formation of ice crystals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism involves direct heat transfer by contact?

<p>Conduction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes endotherms?

<p>Metabolic rate changes with temperature to maintain homeostasis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of heat conservation in cold-climate terrestrial endotherms?

<p>Countercurrent heat exchange (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the body temperature set point during torpor?

<p>It drops (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes freeze tolerance in terrestrial ectotherms?

<p>The majority of their extracellular fluid freezes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of allometric growth in animals?

<p>Different body parts grow at different rates with size increase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of insects is noted as heterothermic endotherms?

<p>Bees (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the volume of a terrestrial organism relate to its mass as size increases?

<p>Mass increases faster than volume (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary energy-consuming process that aids in cooling an organism?

<p>Evaporation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phenomenon is associated with trends in increasing or decreasing body size in a lineage?

<p>Allometry (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason limbs must grow allometrically in larger specimens?

<p>To support increased body weight with size (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of the skeletal system?

<p>Acts as a mineral bank (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the aquatic endoskeleton differ from the terrestrial endoskeleton?

<p>It has loosely attached girdles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary composition of an arthropod exoskeleton?

<p>Chitin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which challenge is associated with living in aquatic environments?

<p>Water density necessitating energy to displace (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a hydrostatic skeleton?

<p>It relies on a pressurized volume of fluid within a muscular wall (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the skeletal structure of terrestrial animals aid muscle attachment?

<p>By offering attachment points and leverage for muscles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What minimizes the risk of desiccation for aquatic animals compared to terrestrial animals?

<p>Stable and mild temperatures in water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Terrestrial Animals Origin

Land-dwelling animals evolved from aquatic ancestors.

Desiccation Avoidance

Strategies to prevent water loss, such as waterproof skin and internal organs, to live on land.

Nitrogenous Waste Problem

Ammonia, a toxic byproduct of metabolism, needs to be eliminated efficiently without losing vital water.

Uric Acid Excretion

Reptiles, birds, and insects excrete nitrogenous waste as uric acid, minimizing water loss.

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Urea Excretion

Mammals excrete urea, a less-toxic form of ammonia, but it requires water loss.

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Loop of Henle

A part of the kidney that helps mammals conserve water by producing concentrated urine.

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Metabolic Water

Water produced through metabolic processes, important for desert animals.

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Insect Water Loss

Insects face challenges with a high surface area-to-volume ratio making them prone to drying out.

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Terrestrial Environment Demands

The land differs from the water, demanding specific adaptations concerning obtaining oxygen, preventing water loss and balancing temperature.

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Cuticle in Insects

The waxy outer layer of an insect's body that minimizes water loss.

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Desiccation Tolerance

Ability of some organisms to survive extreme dryness.

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Cryptobiosis

Resistant stage organisms enter in response to stressful environmental factors like dehydration

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Anhydrobiosis

Resistant stage formed when an organism is slowly dried; returns to normal when rehydrated.

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Tracheal System

Internal gas exchange system in insects that delivers air directly to tissues

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Ventilation

Movement of air in and out of the respiratory system.

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Gas Exchange with Air

Organisms obtaining oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide through air.

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Vertebrate Lungs

Respiratory organs in vertebrates using air bulk flow to the respiratory membrane.

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Amniotic egg

A type of egg that contains a protective membrane (amnion) within the egg, allowing development of the embryo in a water-like environment even outside of water.

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Internal fertilization

Fertilization of egg and sperm inside the female's body.

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Thermoregulation

The process of maintaining a relatively stable internal body temperature.

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Ectothermy

A thermoregulatory strategy where an animal's body temperature changes with the surrounding environment.

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Endothermy

A thermoregulatory strategy maintaining a constant body temperature through metabolic processes, which requires expenditure of energy.

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Conduction

Direct transfer of heat between two objects that are in contact.

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Homeothermy

Keeping body temperature constant (e.g., warm-blooded animals).

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Uricotely

A method of excreting nitrogenous wastes as semi-solid material to conserve body water.

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Exoskeleton

An external hard skeleton found in some animals, like arthropods.

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Endoskeleton

An internal hard skeleton found in some animals, like vertebrates.

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Bone Composition

Bone is a collagenous matrix hardened by calcium phosphate crystals.

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Hydrostatic Skeleton

A skeleton formed by a fluid-filled cavity surrounded by muscles.

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Aquatic Adaptations

Skeletal adaptations often include loosely attached girdles; no enclosed ribcage.

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Skeletal Function

Skeletons in animals provide support, attachment points, and protect organs.

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Water Density

Water is dense and viscous, affecting movement for aquatic animals.

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Allometric Growth

Limbs grow proportionally to the rest of the body to support increasing weight.

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Evaporation

Cooling process where energy is used to change a liquid to a gas, effectively removing heat.

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Countercurrent heat exchange

Mechanism where warm and cool blood flow in opposite directions to conserve heat in cold climates (endotherms).

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Torpor

Temporary state of reduced energy demands and lowered body temperature in small endotherms.

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Hibernation

Seasonal torpor for surviving cold periods. a long-term, seasonal version of torpor

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Allometry

Different parts of an animal's body growing at different rates as the animal's size increases.

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Freeze avoidance

Ectotherms' adaptation of lowering extracellular fluid temperature below zero without freezing.

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Freeze tolerance

Ectotherms permitting their extracellular fluid to freeze, controlled ice nucleation for survival.

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Study Notes

Terrestrial Animals

  • Animals originated in the oceans
  • Terrestrial animals are descended from ancestors that left the aquatic environment
  • Earliest recorded terrestrial animal is a myriapod, ~428 million years old
  • First transition to land must have happened earlier
  • Relatively few animal taxa transitioned to land
  • Examples include gastropods, arthropods (insects, arachnids, myriapods, crustaceans), nematodes, annelids, amniote vertebrates, etc.
  • Terrestrial environments offered many evolutionary opportunities

Conditions on Land

  • Terrestrial environments pose different demands than aquatic environments
  • Key factors affecting terrestrial animals include:
    • Gravity (posture and locomotion)
    • Air (obtaining oxygen, less dense than water)
    • Locomotion and sensory modes, and thermal properties
    • Water (limiting resource)
    • Sunlight (exposure to UV)

Life on Land

  • Some requirements for terrestrial animals include:
    • Desiccation avoidance (mechanisms to reduce water loss, replace lost water, tolerance mechanisms like aestivation)
    • Excretion with limited water loss
    • Gas exchange with air (internalized gas exchange organs, lungs, book lungs, tracheal systems)

Desiccation and The Environment (Terrestrial Animals)

  • Terrestrial animals are constrained by water availability
  • This affects anatomy, behavior, and physiology
  • Constant water loss through evaporation
  • Affects respiratory membranes

Rotifer Life Cycle

  • Unstressed environment (moist): Asexual reproduction (parthenogenesis)
  • Stressed environment (dry): Sexual reproduction (genetic variability)

Aestivation

  • Desert-dwelling spadefoot toads spend most of their adult lives buried deeply, metabolism depressed
  • Some desert-dwelling frogs secrete a cocoon while aestivating, with only nostrils open

More Requirements for a Terrestrial Life

  • Desiccation avoidance (mechanisms to reduce water loss and replace lost water)
  • Desiccation tolerance (aestivation and life cycles)
  • Excretion with limited water loss (internal bulk flow of fluids and gasses)
  • Gas exchange with air (internalized gas exchange organs like lungs, book lungs, tracheal systems)

Gas Exchange with Air

  • CO2 diffuses into air less easily than water

Heat Exchange with the Environment

  • Conduction: Air conducts heat poorly, water well; gill-breathing aquatic organisms tend to be isothermic with the water
  • Radiation: Transfer of heat as long-wave light (e.g., basking in the sun is effective heating)
  • Convection: Transfer of heat by a moving medium (air or water)
  • Evaporation: Energy used in the transformation of liquid to gas, effectively removing heat

Countercurrent Heat Exchange

  • Cold-climate terrestrial endotherms conserve heat through countercurrent heat exchange
  • Warm blood in efferent vessels heats cool blood in afferent vessels

Torpor and Hibernation

  • Torpor: reduces energy demands in small endotherms during low/high temperature periods
  • Hibernation: A seasonal version of torpor

Endothermy in Insects

  • Bees and some other flying insects are heterothermic endotherms

Freeze Tolerance and Avoidance

  • Freeze avoidance: Some ectotherms can supercool their extracellular fluid (ECF) below 0°C
  • Freeze tolerance: Some terrestrial ectotherms allow the bulk of their ECF to freeze for extended periods

Support Body Weight

  • Terrestrial animals' volume (mass) is a function of (linear dimension)³
  • Cross-sectional area of the limb (support and strength) is a function of (linear dimension)²
  • As animals get larger, body mass increases faster than the cross-sectional area of the limbs, supporting limbs need to get proportionally bigger

Allometry

  • Allometry describes how different parts of the body grow at different rates as an animal grows larger

Allometric Relationships

  • Real-world limbs of larger specimens may not have sufficient thickness for efficient locomotion
  • Limbs must grow allometrically to support increasing body weight with size

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Description

Explore the fascinating world of terrestrial animals and their evolutionary journey from aquatic environments. This quiz examines the unique challenges they face on land, including gravity, oxygen acquisition, and water availability. Test your knowledge about the adaptations that allow these animals to thrive in terrestrial habitats.

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