Teratogens and Congenital Defects
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of the sub-discipline of teratology in medical genetics?

  • identifying teratogenic substances
  • developing treatments for congenital disabilities
  • classifying congenital abnormalities in dysmorphology (correct)
  • studying the causes of miscarriage

    • What is a teratogen?

  • a medical condition that causes congenital abnormalities
  • a substance that interferes with normal fetal development (correct)
  • a type of congenital disability
  • a substance that promotes normal fetal development

    • What is a key factor that determines susceptibility to teratogenesis?

  • age of the mother
  • duration of exposure to the teratogen (correct)
  • type of teratogen
  • all of the above

    • During which stage of development is the embryo most susceptible to teratogens?

    <p>embryonic stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible effect of teratogens on the embryo during the pre-differentiation stage?

    <p>it may cause death of the embryo by killing all or most of the cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of anomalies that can be caused by teratogens?

    <p>Visible deviations of structure and other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a congenital birth defect characterized by a baby being born without parts of the brain and skull?

    <p>Anencephaly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of ionizing radiation on a fetus?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of lead on a fetus?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the neural tube not closing all the way?

    <p>Spina bifida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characterized by shorter than normal skeletal growth?

    <p>Dwarfism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of hyperthermia on a fetus?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of an enzyme deficiency?

    <p>Abnormal chemical functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the failure of an organ to develop during embryonic growth and development?

    <p>Failure of Development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a Physical Agent teratogen?

    <p>X-rays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a tissue found in an abnormal place or position?

    <p>Misplacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition caused by alcohol exposure during pregnancy?

    <p>Fetal Alcoholic Syndrome (FAS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Fetal Alcoholic Syndrome (FAS)?

    <p>Limb and Face malformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the first human teratogen identified in 1941?

    <p>Maternal rubella infection during pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome for children born to mothers who took thalidomide during pregnancy?

    <p>Severe and debilitating malformations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What period of pregnancy is crucial for the development of vital organs and systems?

    <p>First trimester</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of maternal influenza exposure during the first trimester?

    <p>Raised risk of non-chromosomal congenital anomalies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does brain development commence during pregnancy?

    <p>Around the third week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the current use of thalidomide?

    <p>Treating various adult conditions, including multiple myeloma and complications of leprosy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the study of teratology?

    <p>Safeguarding embryonic development and preventing abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of teratogenic effects in understanding human health?

    <p>They help in understanding the essence of existence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major contributor to the threat of teratogenic effects on developing fetuses?

    <p>Environmental contamination from released chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the experiment involving pregnant pigs fed a vitamin A-deficient diet in the 1930s?

    <p>Piglets with various malformations, including the absence of eyes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of understanding the mechanisms behind teratogenic effects?

    <p>Safeguarding human health and preventing developmental abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the study of abnormal development?

    <p>Teratology</p> Signup and view all the answers

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