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Study Notes

Arrhenius Theory of Acids and Bases

History

The Arrhenius theory of acids and bases was first introduced by Svante Arrhenius, a Swedish chemist, in 1884. This theory is based on the idea that acids and bases dissolve in water to produce ions. Before the Arrhenius theory, people used to believe that acids and bases existed in their pure forms. However, Arrhenius proved that they ionize in water to form ions such as hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-).

Arrhenius Acids and Bases

According to the Arrhenius theory, an Arrhenius acid is any species that increases the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in aqueous solution. Similarly, an Arrhenius base is any species that increases the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-) in water. For instance, when hydrochloric acid dissociates into HCl and H+ ions, the resulting H+ ions make the solution more acidic. On the other hand, an Arrhenius base like sodium hydroxide (NaOH) generates Na+ and OH- ions, which increase the basicity of the solution.

Acid Strength and Anion Size

The strength of an acid depends on various factors such as its bond energy and the size of its anion. Strong acids have a higher bond energy between their anion and cation, while weak acids have lower bond energies. Additionally, larger anions generally result in weaker acids due to weaker interatomic forces.

Arrhenius Theory Applications and Limitations

Arrhenius theory explains how acids and bases behave in aqueous solutions, but it has some limitations. It cannot describe acid-base reactions occurring in non-aqueous solvents or the behavior of H+ in pure water. This led to the development of other theories, such as Brønsted-Lowry theory, which can handle a broader range of chemical reactions.

In summary, the Arrhenius theory of acids and bases introduced the concept of acid-base chemistry based on the presence of hydrogen and hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions. Although there are some limitations, this theory is still important for understanding the behavior of acids and bases in specific environments.

Description

Pelajari sejarah dan konsep dasar di balik Teori Arrhenius asam dan basa yang diperkenalkan oleh Svante Arrhenius pada tahun 1884. Menjelaskan bagaimana asam dan basa ionisasi dalam larutan air, serta aplikasi dan keterbatasan dari teori Arrhenius ini.