Temperature Effects on Enzyme Activity and Animal Behavior ch4

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How does the activity of lactic dehydrogenase from a lungfish change as the temperature increases from 25°C to 35°C?

The activity of lactic dehydrogenase increases slowly from 25°C to 35°C with a Q10 of about 1.2.

How do roadrunners use solar energy to conserve energy?

Roadrunners bask in the sun, raising their feathers to expose black skin, which allows them to conserve energy by using solar energy instead of metabolism to raise their body temperature.

What is an exception to the general pattern of ectothermy in snakes?

Female pythons are able to produce heat by contracting their trunk muscles to incubate their eggs, which is an exception to the general pattern of ectothermy in snakes.

At what temperature can a female Indian python maintain her eggs using heat production?

A female Indian python can maintain her eggs close to 30°C at air temperatures as low as 23°C. Signup and view all the answers

How does the energy expenditure of a female python change when she is brooding compared to normal conditions?

When brooding, a female python uses about 20 times as much energy as she does normally. Signup and view all the answers

What is the unique arrangement of retia found in tunas that helps retain heat?

An arrangement of retia that retains heat produced by myoglobin-rich swimming muscles located close to the vertebral column. Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of studying the actual mechanisms of body temperature regulation in vertebrates?

It is important to study the actual mechanisms of body temperature regulation in vertebrates because generalizations about body temperature and thermoregulatory capacities must be made cautiously. Signup and view all the answers

What is the temperature range of water in which tunas can maintain a muscle temperature of around 30°C?

7°C to 23°C Signup and view all the answers

In addition to the swimming muscles, which organs are also warmed in tunas and sharks?

Brains and eyes Signup and view all the answers

What is the source of heat in the brains and eyes of billfishes?

A modified muscle that has changed its function from contraction to heat production Signup and view all the answers

What adaptation do semiaquatic mammals have to keep their coats water-repellent?

They emerge onto land frequently and groom their coats Signup and view all the answers

How do cetaceans and pinnipeds keep themselves insulated?

They use blubber, a layer of fat beneath the skin, for insulation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the unique feature of the superior rectus eye muscle in billfishes?

Mitochondria occupy more than 60% of the cell volume Signup and view all the answers

Which other scombroid has a thermogenic organ similar to billfishes?

The butterfly mackerel Signup and view all the answers

What system do aquatic mammals have in their flippers to regulate heat?

Countercurrent exchange systems Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the venous blood returning from the flippers?

It is cold because it has passed through a flat structure with a large surface area in contact with the ocean water. Signup and view all the answers

How do marine mammals retain heat in their bodies?

The cold venous blood flows through veins closely associated with the arteries carrying warm blood from the core of the body. Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the countercurrent exchange system in marine mammals?

The venous blood reaches the body at nearly body temperature. Signup and view all the answers

What adaptation do some animals use to cool down when their body temperature rises after rapid swimming?

Changing the route of venous blood return from the flipper to dissipate heat into the water. Signup and view all the answers

Why is body size an important factor in the exchange between an organism and its environment?

Because surface area increases as the square of linear dimensions, while volume increases as the cube of linear dimensions. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the surface area and volume of a cube if its linear dimensions are increased?

The surface area increases as the square of the linear dimension, while the volume increases as the cube of the linear dimension. Signup and view all the answers

How does the total surface area of a cube change as the length of its side increases?

The total surface area of the cube increases as the square of the length of the side. Signup and view all the answers

What is the surface-to-volume ratio of a cube that is 1 cm on each side?

6 cm²/1 cm³ Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the surface/volume ratio of a cube as its size increases?

The surface/volume ratio of the cube decreases as its size increases. Signup and view all the answers

Why is the surface-to-volume ratio important for understanding organism-environment interactions?

Because it affects the rate of heat and mass transfer between the organism and its environment. Signup and view all the answers

What would be the surface area and volume of a cube if its side length is increased from 1 cm to 5 cm?

The surface area would be 150 cm², and the volume would be 125 cm³. Signup and view all the answers

How does the rate of exchange with the environment change as an object becomes larger?

The rate of exchange with the environment decreases as an object becomes larger. Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional implication of a decreasing surface/volume ratio in larger objects?

The rate of exchange with the environment decreases. Signup and view all the answers

Why does a smaller cube cool faster than a larger cube when heated to the same temperature?

The smaller cube has a larger surface area relative to its volume, allowing it to lose heat faster. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the length of a cube's side and its volume?

The volume of the cube increases as the cube of the length of its side. Signup and view all the answers

Most vertebrates eliminate nitrogenous wastes as ______, as urea, or as uric acid.

ammonia Signup and view all the answers

Excreting nitrogenous wastes primarily as ______ is called ammonotelism.

ammonia Signup and view all the answers

Mammals are primarily ______, although they excrete some nitrogenous wastes as ammonia and uric acid.

ureotelic Signup and view all the answers

Urea is synthesized from ______ in a cellular enzymatic process called the urea cycle.

ammonia Signup and view all the answers

Because ______ is not very toxic, it can be concentrated in urine, thus conserving water.

urea Signup and view all the answers

Bony fishes are primarily ______ and excrete ammonia through the skin and gills as well as in urine.

ammonotelic Signup and view all the answers

Regional heterothermy is a general term used to refer to diﬀerent temperatures in diﬀerent parts of an ______'s body.

animal Signup and view all the answers

Some ﬁshes maintain some parts of their bodies at temperatures 15°C warmer than the ______ in which they are swimming.

water Signup and view all the answers

To raise its body temperature by using endothermal heat production, a ﬁsh must limit the loss of heat to the ______ via the gills.

water Signup and view all the answers

The mechanism used to retain heat is a countercurrent system of ______ flow in retia mirabilia.

blood Signup and view all the answers

Scombroid ﬁshes, a group of teleosts that includes the mackerels, tunas, and billﬁshes, have also evolved ______ heat production.

endothermal Signup and view all the answers

These retia retain the heat produced by activity of the ______ muscles, with the result that those muscles are kept 5°C to 10°C warmer than water temperature.

swimming Signup and view all the answers

Controlling ______ temperature is advantageous for any animal.

body Signup and view all the answers

Water has a high ______ capacity and conductivity, making it difficult for aquatic animals to maintain a temperature difference.

heat Signup and view all the answers

Terrestrial vertebrates have body temperatures that are at least partly ______ of the air temperature.

independent Signup and view all the answers

Maintaining a temperature difference requires ______ mechanisms.

thermoregulatory Signup and view all the answers

Animals with variable body temperatures were formerly described as ______.

poikilotherms Signup and view all the answers

Birds and mammals were formerly classified as ______ due to their stable body temperatures.

homeotherms Signup and view all the answers

The enormous ______ that lived in the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods would have had very stable body temperatures just because they were so large.

dinosaurs Signup and view all the answers

Elephants are big enough to feel the consequences of surface/volume ratio in ______ regulation.

body-temperature Signup and view all the answers

Leatherbacks are the largest living ______, reaching adult body masses of 850 kilograms or more.

turtles Signup and view all the answers

Being big makes temperature regulation in ______ easier, as leatherback sea turtles dramatically illustrate.

water Signup and view all the answers

It would take many days for a huge ______ to warm or cool as its environment changed temperature.

dinosaur Signup and view all the answers

When elephants overheat, they dump heat by sending large volumes of blood flowing through their ______ and waving them to promote cooling.

ears Signup and view all the answers

As the ______ of the side of the cube is increased from 1 cm to 10 cm, the total surface area of the cube increases as the square of that length, whereas the volume of the cube increases as the cube of the length of a side.

length Signup and view all the answers

Because volume increases more rapidly than ______ area, the surface/volume ratio of the cube decreases as the size of the cube increases.

surface Signup and view all the answers

Functionally this means that as an object becomes larger, it has less ______ area relative to its volume.

surface Signup and view all the answers

The rate of exchange with the environment ______ as an object becomes larger.

decreases Signup and view all the answers

For example, if you take two cubes—one that is 1 cm on a side and the other 10 cm on a side—and then heat them to the same temperature and put them side by side on a table, the small cube will cool to room temperature ______ than the large cube.

faster Signup and view all the answers

Thus the rate of exchange with the environment ______ as an object becomes larger.

decreases Signup and view all the answers

Temperature Effects on Enzyme Activity and Animal Behavior ch4

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Questions and Answers

How does the activity of lactic dehydrogenase from a lungfish change as the temperature increases from 25°C to 35°C?

How do roadrunners use solar energy to conserve energy?

What is an exception to the general pattern of ectothermy in snakes?

At what temperature can a female Indian python maintain her eggs using heat production?

How does the energy expenditure of a female python change when she is brooding compared to normal conditions?

What is the unique arrangement of retia found in tunas that helps retain heat?

What is the importance of studying the actual mechanisms of body temperature regulation in vertebrates?

What is the temperature range of water in which tunas can maintain a muscle temperature of around 30°C?

In addition to the swimming muscles, which organs are also warmed in tunas and sharks?

What is the source of heat in the brains and eyes of billfishes?

What adaptation do semiaquatic mammals have to keep their coats water-repellent?

How do cetaceans and pinnipeds keep themselves insulated?

What is the unique feature of the superior rectus eye muscle in billfishes?

Which other scombroid has a thermogenic organ similar to billfishes?

What system do aquatic mammals have in their flippers to regulate heat?

What happens to the venous blood returning from the flippers?

How do marine mammals retain heat in their bodies?

What is the result of the countercurrent exchange system in marine mammals?

What adaptation do some animals use to cool down when their body temperature rises after rapid swimming?

Why is body size an important factor in the exchange between an organism and its environment?

What happens to the surface area and volume of a cube if its linear dimensions are increased?

How does the total surface area of a cube change as the length of its side increases?

What is the surface-to-volume ratio of a cube that is 1 cm on each side?

What happens to the surface/volume ratio of a cube as its size increases?

Why is the surface-to-volume ratio important for understanding organism-environment interactions?

What would be the surface area and volume of a cube if its side length is increased from 1 cm to 5 cm?

How does the rate of exchange with the environment change as an object becomes larger?

What is the functional implication of a decreasing surface/volume ratio in larger objects?

Why does a smaller cube cool faster than a larger cube when heated to the same temperature?

What is the relationship between the length of a cube's side and its volume?

Most vertebrates eliminate nitrogenous wastes as ______, as urea, or as uric acid.

Excreting nitrogenous wastes primarily as ______ is called ammonotelism.

Mammals are primarily ______, although they excrete some nitrogenous wastes as ammonia and uric acid.

Urea is synthesized from ______ in a cellular enzymatic process called the urea cycle.

Because ______ is not very toxic, it can be concentrated in urine, thus conserving water.

Bony fishes are primarily ______ and excrete ammonia through the skin and gills as well as in urine.

Regional heterothermy is a general term used to refer to diﬀerent temperatures in diﬀerent parts of an ______'s body.

Some ﬁshes maintain some parts of their bodies at temperatures 15°C warmer than the ______ in which they are swimming.

To raise its body temperature by using endothermal heat production, a ﬁsh must limit the loss of heat to the ______ via the gills.

The mechanism used to retain heat is a countercurrent system of ______ flow in retia mirabilia.

Scombroid ﬁshes, a group of teleosts that includes the mackerels, tunas, and billﬁshes, have also evolved ______ heat production.

These retia retain the heat produced by activity of the ______ muscles, with the result that those muscles are kept 5°C to 10°C warmer than water temperature.

Controlling ______ temperature is advantageous for any animal.

Water has a high ______ capacity and conductivity, making it difficult for aquatic animals to maintain a temperature difference.

Terrestrial vertebrates have body temperatures that are at least partly ______ of the air temperature.

Maintaining a temperature difference requires ______ mechanisms.

Animals with variable body temperatures were formerly described as ______.

Birds and mammals were formerly classified as ______ due to their stable body temperatures.

The enormous ______ that lived in the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods would have had very stable body temperatures just because they were so large.

Elephants are big enough to feel the consequences of surface/volume ratio in ______ regulation.

Leatherbacks are the largest living ______, reaching adult body masses of 850 kilograms or more.

Being big makes temperature regulation in ______ easier, as leatherback sea turtles dramatically illustrate.

It would take many days for a huge ______ to warm or cool as its environment changed temperature.

When elephants overheat, they dump heat by sending large volumes of blood flowing through their ______ and waving them to promote cooling.

As the ______ of the side of the cube is increased from 1 cm to 10 cm, the total surface area of the cube increases as the square of that length, whereas the volume of the cube increases as the cube of the length of a side.

Because volume increases more rapidly than ______ area, the surface/volume ratio of the cube decreases as the size of the cube increases.

Functionally this means that as an object becomes larger, it has less ______ area relative to its volume.

The rate of exchange with the environment ______ as an object becomes larger.

For example, if you take two cubes—one that is 1 cm on a side and the other 10 cm on a side—and then heat them to the same temperature and put them side by side on a table, the small cube will cool to room temperature ______ than the large cube.

Thus the rate of exchange with the environment ______ as an object becomes larger.

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