Teleost Fish Biology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary factor contributing to the diversity of teleost fish?

  • Jaws
  • Body Shape
  • Fins
  • Scales (correct)

The protrusible jaw of teleosts is primarily advantageous for which feeding behavior?

  • Filter feeding
  • Scavenging
  • Suction feeding (correct)
  • Ram feeding

What is the primary function of teleost pharyngeal jaws?

  • To filter food
  • To sense prey
  • To assist in swallowing prey (correct)
  • To grasp prey

A rover predator fish with a streamlined and fusiform body shape would most likely have:

<p>A deeply forked tail and narrow caudal peduncle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The premaxilla's unattached state to the cranium in teleosts allows for what?

<p>Protrusion of the jaw (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of pectoral fins in Chondrichthyes?

<p>To create lift in the water. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of pectoral fins in bottom-dwelling fish like suckers and sculpin?

<p>Broad, rounded, ventral, and spread out laterally. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fin is often modified into organs that hold onto the substrate in bottom dwelling fish?

<p>Pectoral fin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical characteristic of dorsal and anal fins in fast-swimming pelagic fish?

<p>Very long for stability. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of pectoral fins in rover-predator fish, such as tuna?

<p>Long and pointed for speed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fin type is typically reduced or absent in eel-like fish?

<p>Pectoral and pelvic fins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A fish with a flattened head, large pectoral fins, and pelvic fins modified for clinging likely belongs to which category?

<p>Bottom clingers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of the body shape of a deep-bodied fish?

<p>Laterally compressed body with a deep profile (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical adaptation of surface-oriented fish?

<p>Mouths that point upwards and posterior dorsal fin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics is NOT typical of ambush predator fish?

<p>Deep laterally compressed body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of fast-swimming fish?

<p>Forked caudal fins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical feature of bottom-rover fish?

<p>Barbels, flattened heads, and protrusible mouths (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the caudal fins of slower-swimming fish like salmon differ from those of fast-swimming fish like tuna?

<p>Slower fish tend to have less deeply forked tails (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is characteristic of Osteichthyes?

<p>Bony skeleton with dermal scales (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinctive characteristic of the scales found in Osteichthyes?

<p>The presence of true enamel (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of myomeres in fish swimming?

<p>To produce powerful and precise movements through contractions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the operculum in Osteichthyes?

<p>Assisting in respiration and water flow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the dorsal slot in some fast-swimming fishes?

<p>To reduce resistance during fast swimming (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a major group within Osteichthyes?

<p>Actinopterygii (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is MOST associated with fast swimming in fish?

<p>A stiff, quarter-moon-shaped caudal fin and a narrow caudal peduncle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable feature of basal Actinopterygians, such as Paleonisciformes?

<p>Thick bony scales (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the more recently hypothesized function of the adipose fin?

<p>To act as a precaudal flow sensor improving maneuverability in turbulent water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a unique characteristic of Cladistia, which includes bichirs and reedfish?

<p>Paired ventral lungs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the movement of a fish's body create forward thrust?

<p>By pushing laterally against the water, with a reactive force that has a forward component (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In fast-swimming fish, where is the force predominantly transferred to for propulsion?

<p>The caudal peduncle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of Osteichthyes is characterized by having dermal head bones made of cartilage?

<p>Chondrostei (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between anguilliform and carangiform swimming?

<p>Anguilliform involves full body undulations, while carangiform movement is mostly in the caudal region. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the 'scute' found in some fish?

<p>A protective bony plate against environmental abrasions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fish movement is characterized by using sine waves along the dorsal fin?

<p>Amiiform (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT considered a non-teleost ray-finned fish?

<p>Euteleostei (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a high aspect ratio in a caudal fin indicate about a fish?

<p>It likely requires less energy to maintain speed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key evolutionary development seen in Teleostei?

<p>Duplication of the entire genome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a factor that contributes to the variety of reproductive modes in teleost fishes?

<p>The presence of a homocercal tail (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about the jaw structure of most teleosts?

<p>Premaxillae and maxillae that are not attached to skull allowing protrusion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the feeding strategy of Arawana?

<p>Surface feeding with upturned mouth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the larvae of eels and other Elopomorpha?

<p>Elongated, transparent leptocephalus larvae (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of teleosts is characterized by having a Weberian apparatus?

<p>Otocephala (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature which distinguishes the Ostariophysi?

<p>A unique alarm pheromone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In marine habitats, what is a common reproductive strategy among fish?

<p>Release of large numbers of small, buoyant, transparent eggs that develop and hatch in the open sea. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of viviparous reproduction in fish?

<p>Fertilized eggs are carried by males during gestation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the phenomenon where an organism begins life as a male and later transitions into a female?

<p>Protandry (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reproductive advantage of protandry in clown anemone fish?

<p>Maximizing the fitness of the largest individual to become female. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the bluehead wrasse, what is the role of a terminal phase male?

<p>They defend territories and mate frequently with females. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a fish that possesses both functional ovaries and testes?

<p>Simultaneous Hermaphrodite (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unique characteristic of gynogenesis as a form of parthenogenesis?

<p>The diploid egg is activated by sperm but not fertilized. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what reproductive strategy does male DNA enter an egg but is eliminated during meiosis?

<p>Hybridogenesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the environmental challenge faced by deep-sea fish?

<p>Lack of light and limited food resources. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mesopelagic fish have large, upward-directed eyes to:

<p>Detect prey silhouetted by light above. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary adaptation of bathypelagic fish for survival in the deep sea?

<p>Increased sensitivity in vision due to 'naked retinas'. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is regional heterothermy in the context of coral reef fishes?

<p>The ability of a fish to keep the temperature of some parts of their body different from others. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a unique characteristic of lungfish?

<p>They possess fused teeth on their palate that form tooth ridges. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of estivation for some lungfish?

<p>It helps them survive for extended periods, in burrows in the mud, during dry seasons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a significant human impact on marine fish populations?

<p>Overharvesting and subsequent decline in sport fish numbers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the protrusible jaw mechanism in teleosts enhance their feeding efficiency?

<p>By creating a vacuum effect that sucks prey into their mouth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional advantage of pharyngeal jaws in teleost fish, beyond the capabilities of oral jaws?

<p>They enable the fish to manipulate and process food items after capture. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of fish body shapes, what is the significance of a rover predator having a streamlined and fusiform body?

<p>It reduces drag, allowing for efficient movement and bursts of speed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the forked tail and narrow caudal peduncle contribute to the locomotion of faster rover-predator teleosts?

<p>They reduce drag and concentrate force for powerful, efficient swimming. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might modifications to fin placement and shape influence the hunting strategy of a fish in its environment?

<p>Evenly distributed fins around the body help with stability and maneuverability for species that are constantly on the search for prey. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the positioning of pectoral fins in derived teleosts enhance maneuverability, especially compared to more basal fish?

<p>By being positioned more anteriorly, allowing for quicker braking and steering responses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional trade-off when pectoral fins are modified into specialized organs for substrate attachment in bottom-dwelling fish?

<p>Reduced capacity for rapid turning and braking maneuvers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structural adaptation of dorsal and anal fins is most effective for maintaining stability in rover-predators navigating complex underwater environments?

<p>Elongated fins spanning a significant length of the body. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the pectoral fins of rover-predator fish like tuna contribute to their energy-efficient high-speed swimming?

<p>Reducing drag due to their long and pointed shape. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In comparing Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes, how does the function of pectoral fins differ regarding buoyancy control?

<p>Chondrichthyes depend on pectoral fins to generate lift, whereas Osteichthyes possess swim bladders for buoyancy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these fish body shapes is MOST adapted for maneuvering in complex environments like coral reefs?

<p>Deep-bodied (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What fin adaptations are typical of ambush predator fish, enabling them to strike quickly from a stationary position?

<p>Large, rounded caudal fin; dorsal and anal fins placed far back (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the body shape and fin placement of surface-oriented fish support their lifestyle?

<p>Flattened head; upward-pointing mouth; dorsal fin placed posteriorly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What set of characteristics would you expect to see in a fish that lives on the bottom of a river, moving between rocks and clinging to the substrate?

<p>A flattened head, large pectoral fins, and pelvic fins modified to cling. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the caudal fin morphology generally differ between fast-swimming pelagic fish and slower-swimming species adapted for maneuverability?

<p>Fast-swimmers have deeply forked caudal fins, while slower-swimmers have less deeply forked tails. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In eel-like fish, which fin adaptations reflect their lifestyle of hiding and foraging in tight spaces?

<p>Elongated bodies and reduced or absent pectoral and pelvic fins. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the body shape and fin characteristics of bottom-rover fish enable them to effectively search for food along the substrate?

<p>Fusiform shape, flattened heads, protrusible mouths and barbels. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the position of the pelvic fins in more ancestral bony fish differ from their position in deep-bodied fish, and what advantage does this provide?

<p>Ancestral fish have pelvic fins positioned ventrally/posteriorly, while deep-bodied fish have them forward beneath the pectoral fins. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What purpose might the dorsal slot serve in fast-swimming fish such as tuna?

<p>Reducing resistance by allowing the dorsal fin to fold. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do bony fish without specialized dorsal slots compensate for drag during bursts of speed?

<p>By collapsing their dorsal and anal fins, and folding in their pectoral and pelvic fins. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which caudal fin shape is most likely observed in fish that exhibit slower swimming speeds, such as those found among deep-bodied or bottom-dwelling species?

<p>A square, rounded, or slightly forked tail. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the proposed function of the adipose fin in fish like trout and catfish, based on recent research?

<p>To serve as a 'precaudal flow sensor' for improved maneuverability in turbulent water. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the arrangement of myomeres contribute to the swimming capabilities of fish?

<p>Short muscle fibers in each myomere ensure powerful, controlled, and precise movements. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of lateral force during swimming, and why is it a greater problem in some species?

<p>Lateral force makes the head 'yaw' off course, and this effect varies depending on the species' body shape and swimming style. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is force transferred from muscles to the caudal peduncle in fast-swimming fish like tuna?

<p>Through tendons that transfer force from trunk muscles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adaptation contributes most to the efficient swimming style observed in fast-swimming fish like tuna and marlin?

<p>A stiff, quarter-moon-shaped caudal fin attached to a narrow caudal peduncle. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does carangiform swimming differ from anguilliform swimming?

<p>Carangiform swimming involves movement mostly in the caudal region; less than half of a wavelength, whereas anguilliform swimming involves the full wavelength of the body. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic generally associated with Osteichthyes?

<p>A skeleton primarily composed of cartilage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What accounts for the high diversity of reproductive modes and life-history strategies in teleost fishes?

<p>Variations in fertilization, parity, clutch size, egg size and placement, and developmental rates. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adaptation is MOST crucial for the evolutionary success and diversification of teleosts?

<p>A duplicated genome leading to increased genetic variability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the jaw structure of teleosts enhance their feeding capabilities?

<p>The jaw protrudes, which allows them to capture prey more effectively. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Weberian apparatus benefit Ostariophysi fishes?

<p>By increasing their sensitivity to sound vibrations in the water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What selective advantage do ganoid scales provide to non-teleost ray-finned fishes such as bichirs?

<p>Protection from predators by being hard and protective (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely feeding strategy of a fish with an upward-curved mouth, belonging to the Osteoglossomorpha clade?

<p>Surface feeding on floating insects or small organisms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the leptocephalus larvae of Elopomorpha contribute to the distribution and life cycle of eels?

<p>They are dispersed by ocean currents, aiding in long-distance migration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional significance of the alarm substance (pheromone) found in Ostariophysi?

<p>Signaling the presence of predators to conspecifics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does anadromy in certain Clupeomorpha species benefit their reproductive success?

<p>By providing access to nutrient-rich freshwater habitats for spawning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do branchiostegal rays play in the feeding mechanisms of Osteichthyes?

<p>Aiding in breathing and suction feeding. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the paired ventral lungs observed in Cladistia (bichirs and reedfish) relate to their habitat?

<p>They enable survival in stagnant freshwater habitats with low oxygen levels. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of 'scutes' in Acipenseriformes (sturgeons and paddlefishes)?

<p>Protection against environmental abrasions and predation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinctive feature of the dermal head bones in Chondrostei (sturgeons and paddlefishes)?

<p>They are made of cartilage rather than bone. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the homocercal tail of teleosts contribute to their swimming efficiency and maneuverability?

<p>By providing greater thrust and precise control of movement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the evolutionary relationships between Actinopterygii and Sarcopterygii?

<p>They are sister groups within Osteichthyes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In teleost fish inhabiting freshwater environments, which reproductive strategy is most commonly observed?

<p>Laying yolk-rich demersal eggs with parental care, often by the males. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does protandry benefit clown anemone fish in their reproductive strategy?

<p>It maximizes fitness by allowing the largest individual in a group to be female, and changing sex if she dies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What evolutionary advantage does simultaneous hermaphroditism provide to fish species in certain ecological contexts?

<p>It allows for reproduction even when encounters with conspecifics are rare, as seen in deep-sea species. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does hybridogenesis differ from gynogenesis in the context of parthenogenesis?

<p>Hybridogenesis involves the elimination of male DNA during meiosis, while gynogenesis involves sperm activating the egg without fertilization. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What selective advantage do large, upward-directed eyes provide to mesopelagic fish?

<p>Detecting prey silhouetted against light, improving hunting success in the twilight zone. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adaptation allows bathypelagic fish to thrive in the food-scarce environment of the deep ocean?

<p>Light organs (photophores) to attract prey and large mouths and stomachs to consume any available food. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In coral reef fishes exhibiting regional heterothermy, how do retia mirabilia contribute to maintaining elevated temperatures in specific tissues?

<p>By using a countercurrent exchange mechanism to conserve and recycle heat within the body. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What morphological characteristic distinguishes coelacanths (Actinistia) from other Sarcopterygii?

<p>A symmetrical three-lobed tail and a first dorsal fin supported by a bony plate without an internal lobe. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unique feeding adaptation is observed in lungfish (Dipnoi) related to their diet?

<p>Fused teeth on their palate that form tooth ridges to crush hard prey. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the estivation behavior of obligate air-breathing lungfish (Lepidosiren and Protopterus) enable their survival in environments with fluctuating water availability?

<p>By burrowing into mud, secreting a mucous cocoon, and decreasing metabolic activity until water levels are replenished. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which human-induced factor poses the most significant threat to marine fish populations?

<p>Overharvesting of fish stocks for human consumption. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In harem polygynous fish species exhibiting sequential hermaphroditism, what is the typical pattern of sex change observed?

<p>Individuals initially exhibit simultaneous hermaphroditism and later transition to exclusively male. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does viviparity, though rare in fish, provide a reproductive advantage in certain environments?

<p>It provides greater protection for developing embryos, increasing survival rates in challenging conditions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of 'naked retinas' in bathypelagic fishes?

<p>To increase sensitivity to the limited light available. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most significant threat to freshwater fish due to human activities?

<p>Pollution, draining, damming, canalization, and diversions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Protrusible Jaw

A type of fish jaw that allows the upper jaw to extend outwards, creating suction to draw prey into the mouth. It's achieved through a movable premaxilla and specialized jaw muscles.

Pharyngeal Jaws

Tooth plates located within the throat of some fish, used to manipulate and transport food. They are fused to the gill arches near the esophagus.

Rover Predator Body Shape

A fish body shape optimized for constant movement and searching for prey. Characterized by a streamlined, torpedo-like body, pointed head, and evenly distributed fins for stability and maneuverability.

Caudal Peduncle

The narrow region connecting the main body of a fish to its tail fin. It affects the fish's ability to maneuver quickly.

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Fusiform Body Shape

Fish body shape designed for quick bursts of speed, often for hunting or escaping predators. It involves a streamlined body, a pointed head, and a deeply forked tail.

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Osteichthyes

A group of bony fish that includes about 96% of all extant fish species; characterized by a wide range of morphological and physiological adaptations, body sizes, and life histories.

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Actinopterygii

A subclass of Osteichthyes that includes ray-finned fishes, characterized by fins supported by bony or cartilaginous rays.

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Sarcopterygii

A subclass of Osteichthyes that includes lobe-finned fishes and is ancestral to all terrestrial vertebrates.

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Dermal Scale

A type of scale found in Osteichthyes, characterized by its thin, overlapping structure and having a smooth, ctenoid, or ganoid surface.

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Swim Bladder

An internal structure that helps control buoyancy in Osteichthyes; can function as a lung or a swim bladder.

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Ganoid Scale

A type of scale found in Osteichthyes that is thick and bony with a hard, enamel-like surface; common in ancient fish.

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Operculum

A bony flap covering the gills in Osteichthyes that allows water to be pulled in and expelled for respiration.

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Cladistia

A group of basal Actinopterygians that includes bichirs and reedfish; characterized by heavy scales with a layer of ganoine and possessing both gills and lungs.

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Chondrostei

A group of basal Actinopterygians that includes sturgeons and paddlefishes; characterized by a cartilaginous skeleton and a non-respiratory gas bladder.

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Holostei

A group of Actinopterygians that includes gars and bowfins; characterized by a bony skeleton and having a distinct appearance from other ray-finned fish.

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Teleostei

A group of Actinopterygians that includes the majority of extant ray-finned fishes; characterized by a duplicated genome and a diverse array of body types and adaptations.

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Osteoglossomorpha

A clade of Teleostei that includes bony-tongued fishes like the Arawana; characterized by a unique upwardly curved mouth.

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Elopomorpha

A clade of Teleostei that includes eels, bonefishes, and tarpons; characterized by having Leptocephalus larvae.

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Clupeomorpha

A clade of Teleostei that includes herring, shads, sardines, and anchovies; characterized by a silvery body and a diet primarily consisting of plankton.

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Ostariophysi

A clade of Teleostei that includes catfish, milkfish, carps, and minnows; characterized by possessing a Weberian apparatus and an alarm substance.

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Ambush Predators

Fish with elongated, torpedo-like bodies that use ambush tactics to catch prey.

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Surface-Oriented Fish

Fish adapted for life near the water's surface, often feeding on insects or plankton.

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Bottom Fish

Fish that live on the bottom of the ocean or lake, with adaptations for movement and feeding in this environment.

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Deep-Bodied Fish

Fish with bodies flattened from side to side, with dorsal and anal fins that are long and fins positioned high on the body. They are adapted to maneuvering in tight spaces.

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Eel-Like Fish

Fish with long, snake-like bodies that are well-suited for hiding in crevices or tunnels.

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Pelvic Fins

A type of fin found in bony fish, often used for maneuvering, balance, and propulsion.

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Fusiform

A type of fish body shape that is elongated and streamlined, allowing for fast swimming.

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Deeply Forked Tail

A distinctive tail shape found in some fish, with the lobes of the tail being deeply separated.

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Pectoral Fins

Fins located on the sides of the body, just behind the head, that are mobile and flexible. They help with braking, turning, food gathering, walking, gliding and even sound production.

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Modified Pectoral Fins

In bottom-dwelling fish, their pectoral fins can be modified into organs that help them hold onto surfaces, such as rocks or the seafloor.

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Position of Pectoral Fins in Rover-predators

In fast-swimming, rover-predator fish, the pectoral fins are positioned towards or below the midline, enhancing their speed and maneuverability.

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Pectoral Fin Shape and Function

The shape of the pectoral fins can vary based on a fish's swimming style and habitat. Slow-moving fish have rounded fins for stability, while fast-moving fish have long and pointed fins for speed.

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Dorsal and Anal Fins in Deep-bodied and Rover-predators

The dorsal and anal fins on deep-bodied and rover-predator fish are very long, providing stability and balance while swimming.

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Finlets

The rearmost portion of a fish's fin, often broken into multiple smaller finlets, which can help with stability and maneuverability.

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Adipose Fin

A fleshy, dorsal appendage located between the dorsal and caudal fins of some fishes, like trouts and catfish. Its exact function is still debated.

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Quarter-Moon Shaped Caudal Fin

A fin shape characteristic of the fastest-swimming fish, like tuna and marlin, with a stiff, quarter-moon shape attached to a narrow caudal peduncle.

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Myomeres

W-shaped bands of muscles that run along the length of a fish's body. They contract sequentially to generate swimming movements.

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Anguilliform Swimming

A type of swimming movement where the fish bends its body in a serpentine wave, starting from the mid-section and moving towards the tail. Often used by flexible fish like eels.

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Carangiform Swimming

A type of swimming movement where the fish moves mainly its caudal region, with less than half a wavelength of body bending. Used by fast swimmers like tuna.

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Labriform Swimming

A type of swimming movement where the fish relies mainly on its pectoral fins to propel itself. Often used by fish hovering or maneuvering in tight spaces.

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Rajiform Swimming

A type of swimming movement where the fish generates sine waves along its elongated pectoral fins, moving like a ray or skate species.

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Aspect Ratio (of a fin)

The ratio of the dorsal-to-ventral height of a fin to its anterior-to-posterior length. This ratio helps determine how efficient a fin is for thrust and lift.

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Viviparity in Fish

A type of reproduction in which the female gives birth to live young, as opposed to laying eggs. It's relatively uncommon in fish, occurring in less than 3% of species.

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Protandry

A reproductive strategy in which the fish starts life as a male and transitions to a female later on.

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Protogyny

A reproductive strategy where the fish begins as a female and eventually changes sex to become a male.

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Hermaphroditism in Fish

A fish species that has both functional ovaries and testes, allowing it to potentially function as both a male and female.

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Parthenogenesis

A type of asexual reproduction where a female's egg develops into a new individual without the need for fertilization by sperm. There are two subcategories: gynogenesis and hybridogenesis.

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Gynogenesis

A type of parthenogenesis where a female's egg is activated by sperm, but the sperm's genetic material is not incorporated.

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Hybridogenesis

A type of parthenogenesis where a female's egg is activated by sperm, but the male's DNA is eliminated during meiosis.

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Mesopelagic Zone

This zone in the ocean is located between 200m and 1000m deep, characterized by a dim light environment. Mesopelagic fish migrate to the surface at night to feed and then return to deeper waters during the day.

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Bathypelagic Zone

This zone in the ocean extends from 1000m to the seafloor, characterized by complete darkness. Bathypelagic fishes have adapted to this extreme environment by developing light organs to attract prey and other survival strategies.

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Regional Heterothermy

The ability of fish to maintain different body temperatures in different parts of their body, typically by using retia mirabilia, which are networks of blood vessels.

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Retia Mirabilia

Specialized networks of capillaries (tiny blood vessels) that allow for efficient heat exchange in some fish. They help with regional heterothermy by transferring heat to the brain, muscles, and viscera.

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Coelacanths (Actinistia)

A type of lobe-finned fish with a fleshy, lobed fin and a symmetrical, three-lobed tail. They are a relict group with only two surviving species.

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Dipnoi (Lungfish)

A group of lobe-finned fishes adapted for breathing air using lungs. They descend from ancient fish and are often referred to as “lungfish†.

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Obligate Air-Breathers (Lungfish)

A type of lungfish that can survive for extended periods without access to water by burrowing into mud and entering a state of reduced metabolism.

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Human Impacts on Fish

The impact of human activities such as pollution, overfishing, and habitat destruction on fish populations.

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Mobile Upper Jaw

Mobile upper jaw in teleosts that can be extended outwards.

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Jaw Protrusion

The ability to protrude the jaw outwards from the mouth.

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Pharyngeal Jaws (Teleost)

Mobile tooth plates in the throat of some fish, used for grasping and moving prey.

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Rover Predator Shape

Streamlined body shape for constant motion and prey pursuit.

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Rover Predator

Fishes that are constantly moving and searching for their next meal

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Pectoral Fins (Teleost)

Fins located on the sides of fish, behind their heads; used for turning, braking, and other functions.

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Function of Pectoral Fins

Flexible and mobile fins, with a diversity of shapes, sizes, and positions; used for food gathering, courtship, sound production, walking, and gliding.

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Rounded Pectoral Fins

Rounded fins that provide enhanced stability to slower-moving fish.

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Pointed Pectoral Fins

These fins are long and pointed, allowing for quick bursts of speed in fast-moving rover-predator fish.

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Ventral Pectoral Fins

Ventral fins that are spread out laterally, helping fish that sit on the bottom.

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Ambush Predator Fish

Have bodies adapted for a quick, powerful strike from a stationary position.

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Caudal Fin of Ambush Predator Fish

Large caudal fin, rounded, dorsal and anal fins are placed far back on the body.

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Cross Section of Ambush Predator Fish

Small cross-section to not be obvious as a large predator.

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Surface-Oriented Fish Anatomy

Mouths point upwards, flattened heads, large eyes, and a dorsal fin placed posteriorly.

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Bottom Rover Fish Traits

Have rover-predator-like shapes, barbels, and can protrude mouths.

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Bottom Clinger Fish Traits

Flattened heads, fins suction to substrate.

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Eel-Like Fish Body Shape

Long snakelike form, blunt heads, small fins

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Actinopterygii and Sarcopterygii

Two subclasses of Osteichthyes: ray-finned fishes and lobe-finned fishes.

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Lepidotrichia

Pectoral fins supported by numerous rays made of jointed bones.

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Operculum in Osteichthyes

A bony or cartilaginous flap that covers and protects the gills. It is one of the characteristics of Osteichthyes.

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Homocercal Tail

A tail fin with symmetrical upper and lower lobes and the vertebral column not extending into the fin.

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Actinopterygii (Ray-Finned Fish)

The largest number of aquatic fish species. Fins are supported by rays.

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Paleonisciformes

Extinct group of basal actinopterygians with thick bony scales.

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Polypteriformes

A subclass of ray-finned fishes characterized by ganoid scales and the possession of both gills and lungs.

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Scute

A protective external bony plate on the surface of fish.

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Teleost Jaws & Tails

A teleost clade characterized by jaws not attached to the skull that protrude when the mouth is open and homocercal tails.

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Alarm Substance (Pheromone)

A synapomorphy found in fish where an alarm substance is released from the skin when damaged.

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Fin Aspect Ratio

Fast-swimming fishes have this tall shape. Ratio = height/length

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Caudal Fin Shape

The shape of the tail fin relates to how fast a fish can swim

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Sequential Muscle Contraction

Alternating muscle contractions with simultaneous relaxing propelling the fish forward.

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Thrust

Forward movement produced by pushing water backward.

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Carangiform

Movement mainly focused in the tail region, with less than half a wavelength.

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Labriform

Movement using pectoral fins for propulsion.

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Reproductive Modes Variety

Teleosts exhibit a great range of these characteristics related to reproduction.

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Ovaparity in Fish

Egg laying is the most common reproductive strategy in fish.

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Hermaphroditism

Having both functional ovaries and testes either simultaneously or sequentially.

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Deep Sea Adaptations

Fishes are adapted to living in the deep sea, with no light and very little food.

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Mesopelagic Fish

Fish that migrate vertically between the mesopelagic and surface waters to feed.

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Bathypelagic Fish adaptations

Fish living in the bathypelagic zone, which have adaptations such as light organs and large mouths.

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Heterothermal Fishes

Fish that can keep parts of their bodies warmer than the surrounding water.

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Coelacanths

Lobe-finned fish with a unique symmetrical 3-lobed tail.

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Lungfish Características

Fish that possess paired lungs and can breathe air.

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Study Notes

Teleost Jaws

  • Have a mobile upper jaw (protrusible).
  • Useful for suction feeding.
  • Movable premaxilla and modifications in jaw musculature.
  • The premaxilla is unattached to the cranium, protrudes and creates a circular opening.
  • Lowers pressure inside the mouth, sucking in prey.
  • Lower jaw and maxilla pulled back, grasping prey.
  • Pharyngeal jaws: mobile tooth plates fused together and to gill arches.
  • Moray eels use pharyngeal jaws to drag prey into their throats.

Why are Teleosts So Diverse?

  • Diversity List three possible factors that contribute to this - Jaws; Body Shape; Fins

Fish Body Shapes

  • Axial muscles arranged in “w” shaped bands called myomeres
  • Each myomere attaches across vertebrae, and the muscle fibers are short in each, so contractile length is short but produces a lot of power and precise control
  • Contractions of the muscles on one side of the body with simultaneous relaxing of muscles on the other side of the body

Swimming

  • Serpentine movements create amplified wave to bend body
  • Body pushes laterally against water
  • Creates reactive force forward and at angle with 2 components
  • Examples*
  • Thrust overcomes drag
  • Lateral Force makes head yaw off course, worse in some species

Types of Movement

List of forms of movement, force or origin

  • Anguilliform
  • Carangiform
  • Ostraciiform
  • Labriform
  • Rajiform
  • Amiiform
  • Gymniform
  • Balistiform

Reproduction

  • As a clade, teleost fishes have a greater variety of reproductive modes and life-history strategies
  • Size/age at maturity, fertilization (internal vs external), parity (oviparous, ovoviviparous, viviparous)
  • Clutch size, egg size, placement of clutch, developmental rates, etc. than any other clade of vertebrates

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Related Documents

Vertebrate Zoology Chapters 8 & 9 Osteichthyes PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the diversity and anatomy of teleost fish with this quiz. Explore their feeding behaviors, fin functions, and anatomical adaptations. Perfect for students of ichthyology and marine biology.

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