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Questions and Answers
What is the maximum bandwidth of a Fast Ethernet network?
What is the maximum bandwidth of a Fast Ethernet network?
Throughput and bandwidth are the same measurements.
Throughput and bandwidth are the same measurements.
False
Name one component of latency.
Name one component of latency.
Propagation time, Transmission time, Queuing time, or Processing delay
The time required for a signal to travel from one point to another is called ___.
The time required for a signal to travel from one point to another is called ___.
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What factor influences transmission time?
What factor influences transmission time?
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Queuing time is a fixed factor that does not change with network load.
Queuing time is a fixed factor that does not change with network load.
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What does propagation speed measure?
What does propagation speed measure?
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What does attenuation mean?
What does attenuation mean?
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Decibels can be used to indicate when a signal is amplified.
Decibels can be used to indicate when a signal is amplified.
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What type of noise is created by the random motion of electrons in a wire?
What type of noise is created by the random motion of electrons in a wire?
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Signal-to-Noise (SNR) is used to calculate the ratio of the signal power to the ______ power.
Signal-to-Noise (SNR) is used to calculate the ratio of the signal power to the ______ power.
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Which of the following is NOT a type of noise mentioned?
Which of the following is NOT a type of noise mentioned?
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Match the following types of noise with their descriptions:
Match the following types of noise with their descriptions:
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Distortion occurs in a composite signal made of different frequencies.
Distortion occurs in a composite signal made of different frequencies.
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What unit do engineers use to show that a signal has lost or gained strength?
What unit do engineers use to show that a signal has lost or gained strength?
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What is the frequency of a signal with a period of 100 ms?
What is the frequency of a signal with a period of 100 ms?
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A nonperiodic composite signal has a continuous repetitive pattern.
A nonperiodic composite signal has a continuous repetitive pattern.
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What is the formula to calculate the bandwidth of a composite signal?
What is the formula to calculate the bandwidth of a composite signal?
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The position of a waveform relative to time zero is measured in __________.
The position of a waveform relative to time zero is measured in __________.
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Match the following types of signals with their definitions:
Match the following types of signals with their definitions:
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What is the amplitude, phase, and frequency used for?
What is the amplitude, phase, and frequency used for?
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The time-domain plot explicitly shows the phase of a signal.
The time-domain plot explicitly shows the phase of a signal.
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The highest frequency in a signal minus the lowest frequency gives the __________.
The highest frequency in a signal minus the lowest frequency gives the __________.
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What is the bandwidth of a composite signal made up of sine waves with frequencies of 100 Hz and 900 Hz?
What is the bandwidth of a composite signal made up of sine waves with frequencies of 100 Hz and 900 Hz?
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Digital signals are periodic in nature.
Digital signals are periodic in nature.
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How many bits are needed per level for a digital signal with eight levels?
How many bits are needed per level for a digital signal with eight levels?
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The bandwidth of a channel indicates the speed of bit transmission in a __________.
The bandwidth of a channel indicates the speed of bit transmission in a __________.
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Match the following digital signal characteristics with their correct definitions:
Match the following digital signal characteristics with their correct definitions:
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What characterizes a digital signal's representation?
What characterizes a digital signal's representation?
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A digital signal can be decomposed into an infinite number of sine waves.
A digital signal can be decomposed into an infinite number of sine waves.
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What is the calculated capacity of a telephone line with a bandwidth of 3000 Hz and a signal-to-noise ratio of 3162?
What is the calculated capacity of a telephone line with a bandwidth of 3000 Hz and a signal-to-noise ratio of 3162?
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A telephone line can transmit a maximum of 4 kHz of bandwidth.
A telephone line can transmit a maximum of 4 kHz of bandwidth.
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The formula used to find the upper limit of bit rate is the __________ formula.
The formula used to find the upper limit of bit rate is the __________ formula.
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Match the following parameters with their definitions:
Match the following parameters with their definitions:
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Using a bandwith of 1 MHz and an SNR of 63, what is the calculated bit rate?
Using a bandwith of 1 MHz and an SNR of 63, what is the calculated bit rate?
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Study Notes
Attenuation
- Represents the loss of signal energy as it travels through a medium.
- Energy loss overcomes medium resistance; some energy converts to heat.
- Amplifiers are utilized to compensate for energy loss.
- Signal strength is quantified using the decibel (dB) unit.
Transmission Impairment: Decibel (dB)
- Measures relative strength between two signals or same signal at different points.
- A negative dB indicates signal attenuation; a positive dB indicates signal amplification.
Transmission Impairment: Distortion
- Occurs when a signal changes form or shape.
- Can result from composite signals with varying frequencies.
- Different propagation speeds lead to delays, causing phase differences at the receiver.
Transmission Impairment: Noise
- Various types can corrupt signals: thermal noise, induced noise, crosstalk, and impulse noise.
- Thermal Noise: Caused by random electron motion in wires.
- Induced Noise: Generated by external sources like motors and appliances.
- Crosstalk: Interference between wires.
- Impulse Noise: Sudden spikes in signal with high energy.
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
- SNR quantifies the power ratio of a signal to noise.
- Telephone lines typically have a bandwidth of 3000 Hz and an SNR of 3162.
- Channel capacity calculated using the formula:
- C = B log2(1 + SNR)
- Example: For 3000 Hz and SNR 3162, C = 34,890 bps.
Performance: Bandwidth
- Bandwidth in Hertz: Range of frequencies in a signal or channel capability.
- Example: Telephone line has a bandwidth of 4 kHz.
- Bandwidth in bps: Maximum number of bits a channel can transmit.
- Example: Maximum Fast Ethernet bandwidth is 100 Mbps.
Performance: Throughput
- Measures actual data transfer speed in a network.
- Difference between bandwidth (potential) and throughput (actual speed).
Performance: Latency (Delay)
- Total time for a message to reach its destination after the first bit is sent.
- Composed of four components:
- Propagation time
- Transmission time
- Queuing time
- Processing delay
Performance: Propagation Speed and Time
- Propagation Speed measures how far a signal travels in one second.
- Propagation Time is the time taken for a signal to traverse a medium from point A to B.
Performance: Transmission Time
- Relates to the time required to send a complete message based on message size and channel bandwidth.
Performance: Queuing Time
- Time a message waits at intermediate devices before processing.
- Changes based on network load; higher traffic increases queuing time.
Composite Signal
- Comprised of multiple sine waves, can be periodic or nonperiodic.
- Periodic signals have a repetitive pattern; nonperiodic signals do not.
- Bandwidth determined by the difference between highest and lowest frequencies.
Digital Signals
- Mainly non-periodic, described by bit interval and bit rate.
- Can decompose into infinite sine waves, signifying infinite bandwidth.
- Comprised of binary representation (1s and 0s).
Digital Signals Bit Representation
- If a signal has L levels, it requires log2 L bits per level.
- Example: An eight-level digital signal requires 3 bits per level (log2 8 = 3).
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Description
This quiz explores the concepts of signal attenuation and transmission impairment in telecommunications. You will learn about energy loss, the role of amplifiers, and how decibels (dB) measure signal strength. Test your understanding of these critical principles in communication systems.
