Telecommunication Networks Chapter 8

A digital transmission hierarchy that combines different bit rates using multiplexers. It allows independent clock frequencies for higher-order multiplexers.

A digital transmission hierarchy that uses a single, synchronized clock for all levels. It allows for faster transmission of data and easier network management.

A standard for transmitting data over optical fiber using SDH technology. It provides high speed, long distance transmission with advanced features.

The main limitation of PDH is that it was standardized decades ago, leading to limitations like lack of high data rates, incompatibility between standards, and dependence on vendor-specific equipment.

PDH requires step-by-step multiplexing to access different bit rates, making it cumbersome and inefficient. This means you need separate equipment for each level of multiplexing.

PDH lacks standardized optical interfaces, resulting in compatibility issues with different vendors and increasing network complexities.

PDH systems were designed with copper interfaces, which are not as efficient as optical fiber. This limits the speed and distance of data transmission.

PDH requires multiplexing equipment for each level of data rates, leading to complex and costly infrastructure. This is due to the lack of a standardized optical interface.

PDH requires separate multiplexing equipment for each level of data rates, leading to complex and costly infrastructure. This is due to the lack of a standardized optical interface.

A communication standard that transmits data over fiber optic cables using LEDs or lasers to synchronize data transfer. It was developed to solve synchronization issues and improve the efficiency of the PDH system.

A standardized digital protocol that transmits large volumes of data over long distances using fiber optic cables and LEDs/lasers. It enables the sharing of multiple digital data streams simultaneously.

A component responsible for combining various signals into a single stream, converting electrical signals to optical ones.

A component that separates a combined signal into its individual parts, converting optical signals to electrical signals.

A device that amplifies and restores optical signals, ensuring signal strength over long distances.

A device that allows adding and dropping signals along a fiber optic network without interrupting the main data stream.

The layer responsible for delivering signals from its optical source to its optical destination, handling the path of the data.

The layer responsible for managing data transmission across a physical line, ensuring reliable connection between devices.

The physical layer of SONET, it defines the optical fiber specifications.

The lowest level of data transmission in SONET, it carries client data in the form of Virtual Tributaries (VCs).

A specific type of SONET signal, its name stands for Synchronous Transport Signal. It's the fundamental unit of data transmission in SONET.

A SONET signal that corresponds to an STS-N, it's the optical signal transmitted over fiber.

A ring topology where data flows in one direction, it is more resilient to failures as traffic can be rerouted in the opposite direction.

This type of ring provides bidirectional data flow, allowing for increased bandwidth and redundancy.

BLSR is a networking topology where data can flow bi-directionally around a ring. In case of a failure, traffic is automatically rerouted in the opposite direction, ensuring high availability and reduced downtime.

SONET and SDH are both technologies used for high-speed data transmission over optical fiber. SONET focuses on a simpler frame structure while SDH incorporates various advanced features like virtual containers and multiple data rates.

An STS multiplexer combines electrical signals from various sources into a single optical signal for transmission over the SONET network.

An STS DE multiplexer performs the inverse operation of the STS multiplexer, separating the optical signal into individual electrical signals at the destination.

An Add/Drop Multiplexer (ADM) allows you to selectively insert and remove signals from a SONET network path without interrupting the main data flow.

The Path Layer in SONET is responsible for routing signals from their source to their destination.

The Line Layer in SONET deals with the transmission of signals across a physical line segment. It ensures the signal integrity across that line.

The Section Layer in SONET manages the transmission of signals over a specific physical section of a network. It ensures data integrity within that specific segment.