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Questions and Answers
According to the Tehran ACC Operations Manual, vertical separation is obtained by requiring aircraft to operate at different levels expressed in terms of flight levels or altitudes, but not in terms of ___________ or geometric height.
barometric levels
Which types of procedural separation are provided by Tehran ACC according to Chapter 5 of the Operations Manual?
What minimum separation is applied when RVSM (Reduced Vertical Separation Minima) is suspended due to severe turbulence?
1000 feet below FL290 and 2000 feet at or above FL290
Under what circumstances should the separation minima be increased?
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What type of display is used in Tehran ACC sectors where ATS Surveillance Service is not provided?
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Information derived from AMDs shall not be used as the basis for provision of procedural vertical or horizontal __________, but pilot reports remain the sole basis for this provision.
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Controllers may need to inform the pilot if their aircraft is shown on the AMD display.
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What is the minimum separation time required between same track aircraft climbing or descending, when vertical separation does not exist?
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What is recommended when frequent determination of position and speed cannot be achieved between two aircraft on crossing tracks?
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TCAS or AMD can be used for the determination of aircraft passing each other on reciprocal tracks.
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Aircraft subject to Mach number technique shall adhere to the true Mach number as instructed by Tehran ACC and shall request ATC approval before making any changes ____. (Fill in the blank).
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Match the following distance separation requirements with the correct methods of achieving them:
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What is lateral separation used for?
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Lateral separation of aircraft is obtained by requiring operation on different ________ or in different geographical locations.
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Fly-by waypoints in Tehran FIR require aircraft to actually fly over the designated point.
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What is the minimum distance required for lateral separation between aircraft using VOR, based on the content provided?
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Match the following aircraft separation methods with their descriptions:
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Study Notes
Procedural Separation Methods and Minima
Introduction
- Chapter 5 provides procedures and minima for separating aircraft in the en-route phase of flight
- Separation minima not included in Chapter 5 or 6 shall not be applied by Tehran ACC
- Strategic Lateral Offset Procedures (SLOP) are not described in I.R.Iran AIP, but can be approved by the controller if traffic permits, up to 2 NM
Vertical Separation
- Vertical separation is obtained by requiring aircraft to operate at different levels using prescribed altimeter setting procedures
- Geometric height is not used for level measurement; only barometric levels in terms of flight level or altitude are used
- Step climb or step descent techniques may be used to simultaneously climb or descend aircraft to vertically separated levels
- Vertical separation minima:
- RVSM applies in Tehran FIR with a nominal 1000 feet below FL410 and a nominal 2000 ft at or above this level
- If RVSM is suspended, the vertical separation minimum is a nominal 1000 feet below FL290 and a nominal 2000 feet at or above this level
- Level assignment and cruising levels are determined by the table of cruising levels in 2.37
Horizontal Separation
- Horizontal separation is achieved by providing:
- Longitudinal separation
- Lateral separation
- Longitudinal separation is applied so that the spacing between the estimated positions of the aircraft being separated is never less than a prescribed minimum
- Longitudinal separation minima:
- Minimum separation between same track aircraft at the same cruising level, climbing or descending is 10 minutes, or 5 minutes if the preceding aircraft is maintaining a true airspeed (TAS) of 20 Knots or more faster than the succeeding aircraft
- Minimum separation between same track aircraft on crossing tracks at the same cruising level, climbing or descending is 10 minutes, or 15 minutes if navigation aids permit frequent determination of position and speed
- Minimum separation between aircraft on reciprocal tracks at the same cruising level, climbing or descending is 10 minutes prior to and after the time the aircraft are estimated to pass
- Lateral separation is not covered in this chapter### Communication and Separation
- If communication is not established within 8 minutes of the report time, alternative separation methods must be applied.
- In non-radar environments, RNAV5 ATS routes with centerlines 18.5 NM apart are procedurally separate.
Longitudinal Separation Minima
- Distance-based separation using DME and/or GNSS can be applied:
- Between two aircraft using DME, or two aircraft using GNSS, or one aircraft using DME and one aircraft using GNSS.
- Direct controller-pilot VHF voice communication must be maintained.
- Specific phraseologies must be used to request GNSS-derived distance:
- REPORT (distance) MILES (GNSS or DME) FROM (name of DME station) (or significant point);
- REPORT (GNSS or DME) DISTANCE FROM (significant point) or (name of DME station).
- Separation cannot be used between aircraft at the same cruising level, unless:
- Specific circumstances are approved by the General Director of ATM;
- Both aircraft use the same "on-track" DME station or waypoint;
- Separation is checked by simultaneous DME and/or GNSS readings.
Lateral Separation
- Lateral separation can be applied using:
- Different geographic locations;
- Navigation aids (NDB, VOR, or GNSS);
- Area navigation (RNAV) equipment.
- Lateral separation minima include:
- By reference to the same or different geographic locations:
- At least 20 NM distance between aircraft;
- Presence of navigation aids is mandatory.
- By use of NDB, VOR, or GNSS on intersecting tracks or ATS routes:
- VOR: at least 20 degrees angular difference and 20 NM distance;
- NDB: at least 30 degrees angular difference and 28 km (15 NM) distance;
- GNSS/GNSS: at least 15 NM distance and zero offset between two waypoints.
- By reference to the same or different geographic locations:
Clearances to Fly Maintaining Own Separation
- Clearances to fly maintaining own separation and remaining in visual meteorological conditions can be issued:
- To controlled flights operating in airspace Class D during daylight hours;
- With pilot agreement and subject to alternative instructions if visual meteorological conditions become impracticable.
- Essential traffic information shall be provided to controlled flights concerned:
- Direction of flight, type, and wake turbulence category (if relevant) of aircraft;
- Cruising level and estimated time over the reporting point;
- Relative bearing and distance from conflicting traffic.
Increasing Separation Minima
- Separation minima may need to be increased in certain circumstances:
- VIP flights, severe turbulence, navigational aid or communication equipment failure;
- Aircraft performance degradation or emergency.
Air Move Display (AMD)
- AMD is used in Tehran ACC sectors where ATS Surveillance Service is not provided.
- AMD provides improved information for conflict detection, deviation recognition, and traffic information.
- AMD is not used as the basis for provision of procedural vertical or horizontal separations.
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Description
This quiz covers procedural separation methods and minima in the en-route phase of flight, as outlined in Chapter 5 of the Tehran ACC Operations Manual.
