Podcast
Questions and Answers
What characterized the Hadean Era?
What characterized the Hadean Era?
- Stabilization of Earth's core and crust (correct)
- Evolution of amphibians
- Development of a breathable atmosphere
- Formation of multicellular organisms
During which era did the atmosphere begin to contain oxygen?
During which era did the atmosphere begin to contain oxygen?
- Proterozoic Era (correct)
- Hadean Era
- Paleozoic Era
- Archean Era
Which event was significant in the Paleozoic Era?
Which event was significant in the Paleozoic Era?
- Invention of tools by reptiles
- Emergence of mammals
- Development of marine invertebrates
- Formation of the supercontinent Pangaea (correct)
What was a key development during the Devonian period of the Paleozoic Era?
What was a key development during the Devonian period of the Paleozoic Era?
What type of atmosphere characterized the Archean Era?
What type of atmosphere characterized the Archean Era?
What type of fault is characterized by the upper block moving down relative to the lower block due to tensional forces?
What type of fault is characterized by the upper block moving down relative to the lower block due to tensional forces?
Which dating method identifies the exact numeric age of rocks using isotopes?
Which dating method identifies the exact numeric age of rocks using isotopes?
What process transforms sediments into solid sedimentary rocks?
What process transforms sediments into solid sedimentary rocks?
Which geological fault is caused by compressional forces, with the upper block moving over the lower block?
Which geological fault is caused by compressional forces, with the upper block moving over the lower block?
What principle states that new rock layers are formed on top of older layers?
What principle states that new rock layers are formed on top of older layers?
Which of the following is NOT a type of absolute dating?
Which of the following is NOT a type of absolute dating?
In geological terms, what is the correct order of time divisions from smallest to largest?
In geological terms, what is the correct order of time divisions from smallest to largest?
What do fossils provide evidence of within Earth's geological history?
What do fossils provide evidence of within Earth's geological history?
What do compressional tectonic forces primarily result in?
What do compressional tectonic forces primarily result in?
Which type of force is characterized by rocks sliding past one another?
Which type of force is characterized by rocks sliding past one another?
Which type of fold is described as an upward arch in the layers of rocks?
Which type of fold is described as an upward arch in the layers of rocks?
What results from a plane under compressional forces that can no longer hold the pressure?
What results from a plane under compressional forces that can no longer hold the pressure?
Which characteristic best describes a symmetrical fold?
Which characteristic best describes a symmetrical fold?
What type of faults are inclined fractures where the blocks have mostly shifted vertically?
What type of faults are inclined fractures where the blocks have mostly shifted vertically?
Which type of fold is referred to as a 'downfold'?
Which type of fold is referred to as a 'downfold'?
What happens to fold limbs in a recumbent fold?
What happens to fold limbs in a recumbent fold?
Which major event marked the Mesozoic Era?
Which major event marked the Mesozoic Era?
What significant impact did the ice ages have during the Cenozoic Era?
What significant impact did the ice ages have during the Cenozoic Era?
Which of the following is considered a natural hazard?
Which of the following is considered a natural hazard?
What hazard is commonly associated with earthquakes occurring under the ocean?
What hazard is commonly associated with earthquakes occurring under the ocean?
Which organization is responsible for monitoring seismic activities in the Philippines?
Which organization is responsible for monitoring seismic activities in the Philippines?
Which of the following best describes ground shaking during an earthquake?
Which of the following best describes ground shaking during an earthquake?
What effect does surface faulting have during an earthquake?
What effect does surface faulting have during an earthquake?
Which type of hazard is caused by human activities?
Which type of hazard is caused by human activities?
What is the primary activity involved in excavation within archaeology?
What is the primary activity involved in excavation within archaeology?
Which of the following human activities contributes to landslides?
Which of the following human activities contributes to landslides?
What is one of the negative economic effects of landslides?
What is one of the negative economic effects of landslides?
How many typhoons does the Philippines experience on average each year?
How many typhoons does the Philippines experience on average each year?
How is a tropical cyclone defined?
How is a tropical cyclone defined?
What is PAGASA responsible for in relation to typhoons?
What is PAGASA responsible for in relation to typhoons?
What temperature is necessary for the formation of tropical cyclones?
What temperature is necessary for the formation of tropical cyclones?
Which hydrometeorological hazard is NOT commonly associated with typhoons?
Which hydrometeorological hazard is NOT commonly associated with typhoons?
Which of the following accurately describes a landslide?
Which of the following accurately describes a landslide?
What are the main types of movement associated with landslides?
What are the main types of movement associated with landslides?
Which factor does NOT contribute to triggering a landslide?
Which factor does NOT contribute to triggering a landslide?
How does liquefaction affect buildings and infrastructure?
How does liquefaction affect buildings and infrastructure?
What primarily influences the speed of tsunami waves?
What primarily influences the speed of tsunami waves?
Which method is commonly recognized for human activities that accelerate landslides?
Which method is commonly recognized for human activities that accelerate landslides?
What is the result of insufficient stability in hill slopes?
What is the result of insufficient stability in hill slopes?
Which statement about tsunamis is incorrect?
Which statement about tsunamis is incorrect?
Flashcards
Hadean Era
Hadean Era
The first part of Earth's history, marked by intense meteor impacts, volcanic activity, and the formation of the atmosphere and oceans.
Archean Era
Archean Era
Earth's second era, characterized by a hot climate, a methane-rich atmosphere, and the potential start of continents.
Proterozoic Era
Proterozoic Era
Era where the atmosphere started to have oxygen (cyanobacteria), eukaryotes arose, and multicellular life evolved.
Paleozoic Era
Paleozoic Era
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Pangaea
Pangaea
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Compressional Forces
Compressional Forces
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Tensional Forces
Tensional Forces
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Shearing Forces
Shearing Forces
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Anticline
Anticline
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Syncline
Syncline
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Dip-slip Fault
Dip-slip Fault
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Symmetrical Fold
Symmetrical Fold
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Fault
Fault
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Normal Fault
Normal Fault
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Reverse Fault
Reverse Fault
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Thrust Fault
Thrust Fault
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Strike-Slip Fault
Strike-Slip Fault
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Stratified Rocks
Stratified Rocks
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Relative Dating
Relative Dating
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Absolute Dating
Absolute Dating
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Fossil
Fossil
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Mesozoic Era
Mesozoic Era
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Cenozoic Era
Cenozoic Era
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Earthquake Hazard
Earthquake Hazard
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Ground Shaking
Ground Shaking
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Surface Faulting
Surface Faulting
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Natural Hazards
Natural Hazards
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Anthropogenic Hazards
Anthropogenic Hazards
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Ring of Fire
Ring of Fire
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Landslide
Landslide
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Landslide Movements
Landslide Movements
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Liquefaction
Liquefaction
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Liquefaction Effects
Liquefaction Effects
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Tsunami
Tsunami
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Tsunami Speed
Tsunami Speed
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Human Activities Contributing to Landslides
Human Activities Contributing to Landslides
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Landslide Triggers
Landslide Triggers
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Excavation in Archaeology
Excavation in Archaeology
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Landslide Impact on Resources
Landslide Impact on Resources
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Economic Effects of Landslides
Economic Effects of Landslides
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Hydrometeorological Hazard
Hydrometeorological Hazard
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Typhoon
Typhoon
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Typhoon's Entrance to PAR
Typhoon's Entrance to PAR
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Tropical Cyclone Formation
Tropical Cyclone Formation
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Study Notes
Types of Tectonic Forces
- Compressional Forces: Forces pushing together on opposite sides of a plane. Deformation is possible without breaking. Results in convergent plate boundaries and folding. Folding creates wave-like deformations in layered rock.
- Tensile Forces (or Extensional Forces): Forces pulling apart on opposite sides of a plane. Results in divergent plate boundaries and faulting.
- Shearing Forces: Forces acting parallel to a plane, causing rocks to slide or smear past each other. Results in transform plate boundaries.
Folds
- Folds are wavelike deformations in layered rock resulting from bending.
- Anticline: An upward fold. Highest point called the anticlinal crest.
- Syncline: A downward fold. Lowest point called the synclinal trough.
- Fold limbs are layers between the anticlinal crest and synclinal trough.
Classification of Folds
- Symmetrical (Simple): Same angle of fold limbs with a vertical axial plane.
- Asymmetrical: Different angles between fold limbs and an inclined axial plane. One fold limb is steeper than the other.
- Overturned: Fold limbs tilted beyond vertical dip; axial plane inclined so strata on one limb is overturned.
- Recumbent: Fold limbs are horizontal due to over-compression and horizontal axial planes.
Faults
- Faults are breaks in rock due to too much pressure.
- Dip-slip Faults: Inclined fractures where blocks mostly shifted vertically.
- Normal Faults: Caused by tensional forces; the block above the fault has moved down relative to the block below.
- Reverse Faults: Caused by compressional forces; the block above the fault has moved up relative to the block below.
- Thrust Faults: One section of land slips over another at a low angle when land is compressed. Caused by compressional forces.
- Strike-slip Faults: Blocks move mostly horizontally. Also known as "transform" or "lateral" faults, caused by shearing forces.
Stratified Rocks and Dating
- Stratified rocks are layered rocks often containing fossils.
- Fossils: Valuable for researching Earth's history.
- Formation of Stratified Rocks: Lithification transforms sediments into solid sedimentary rocks through processes like accumulation, compaction, and cementation.
- Relative Dating: Determining the order or arrangement of rocks from youngest to oldest using the Law of Superposition.
- Absolute Dating: Identifying numeric age through radioactive dating. Uses the ratio of isotopes (parent and daughter isotopes). Examples include tree rings and radiometric dating.
Earth's History
- Earth's history is divided into eons (largest unit), eras, periods, epochs, and ages.
- Precambrian Eon: Hadean, Archean, and Proterozoic Eras - Early Earth history.
- Phanerozoic Eon: Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic Eras – includes abundant life forms and recognizable geological features.
Hydrometeorological Phenomena and Hazards
- Hazards: Events that cause negative impacts on humans and environment (e.g., earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, landslides).
- Typhoons/Hurricanes/Cyclones: Rapidly rotating low-pressure systems forming over tropical oceans.
- Landslides: Movement of soil, rocks, and debris down a slope due to insufficient stability (natural or human-induced).
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Description
Explore the different types of tectonic forces including compressional, tensile, and shearing forces that shape our planet's crust. Additionally, learn about folds, their classifications such as anticlines and synclines, and the characteristics of symmetrical and asymmetrical folds. This quiz tests your knowledge of these fundamental geological concepts.
