Technology Trends and Concepts Quiz

Technology Trends

• AI Revolution
• Building the Digital Future
• Compute and Connectivity Frontiers
• Cutting-edge Engineering
• A Sustainable World

Convergence

• The general process of becoming affordable and accessible

Moore's Law

• Predicts the number of transistors fitting on a computer chip will double every one-and-a-half to two years.

Metcalfe's Law

• The value or power of a network grows exponentially as a function of the number of network members.

Effects of Metcalfe's Law

• Smaller, cheaper processors
• Bigger and more valuable networks
• More applications and growth of the IT industry

Digitisation

• The mass adoption of connected digital services by consumers, enterprises, and government
• Digitisation can play an important role in assisting policymakers to spur economic growth and employment.

Creative Destruction

• According to Schumpeter, the "gale of creative destruction" describes the process of industrial mutation that incessantly revolutionizes the economic structure from within, incessantly destroying the old one, incessantly creating a new one.

Data

• Raw facts and figures that on their own have no meaning
• Data has meaning when processed and in context

Information

• Communication, decision-making, support business processes

Knowledge

• Understanding of rules needed to interpret information

The DIKAR Model

• The "Technology" View: Data → Information → Knowledge → Action
• The "Business" View: Data → Information → Knowledge → Action

Knowledge Types

• Explicit (eg, documents & databases)
• Tacit (rooted in experience & values)

Database

• Structured collection of related data
• Database System- computer program for managing electronic databases

Relational Database

• A collection of tables from which data can be accessed in many different ways without having to reorganise the tables

Boolean Values

• "true" or "false"

Basic Database Operations

• Design
• Data entries
• Queries
• Reports

System

• A set of processes that work together to produce an output

Information System Inputs

• The activity of gathering and capturing data

Information System Processing

• Converting or transforming data into useful outputs

Information System Outputs

• Useful information usually in the form of documents and/or reports

Information System Components

• Hardware
• Software

Transaction Processing System (TPS)

• A type of information system that collects, stores, modifies, and retrieves data transactions.
• Examples: sales order entry, payroll, shipping

Management Information System (MIS)

• An information system that uses data collected by TPS to create reports for managers to make routine business decisions.

Information Management (IM)

• Collecting and managing information from multiple sources and distributing it to multiple audiences.

Information System Benefits

• Gathering
• Storing
• Manipulating
• Retrieving and communicating
• Business rules

Computer System Components

• Motherboard (main component)
• Central Processing Unit (CPU) - the "brain"
• Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
• Control unit
• Registers
• Memory (stores data during processing)
• Primary memory:
  • Registers
  • RAM
  • ROM
  • Cache memory
• Secondary memory (permanent storage)

Storage Devices

• Block storage devices (hard disks)
• Optical storage devices (CDs, DVDs)
• Flash storage devices (USB sticks, flash cards, SSDs)

Embedded System

• Microcontroller or microprocessor-based system designed for a specific task (e.g., fire alarm)

Mobile Hardware

• Central Processing Units (CPUs) optimized for low power environments.

Levels of Abstraction

• Algorithms --> high-level programming languages --> low-level languages (machine code, assembly language)

Algorithms

• Procedures for a tasks

Operating Systems

• Combination of CPU and operating system (OS)

Open Source Software (OSS)

• Software with source code made available, which usually allows users to modify and redistribute

General Public License (GPL)

• License under which Open Source software is available for free.

Networks

• Local Area Networks (LAN)
• Wide Area Networks (WAN)
• Intranet (private LAN for internal use)
• Extranet (network connecting people inside and outside the company)

Network Classifications

• Topology
• Protocol
• Network Architecture

Network Protocols

• Ethernet Protocol
• Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).

Network Architectures

• Peer-to-peer (computers connect directly to each other)
• Client-server (client computer sends information to a server)

Firewalls

• Network security systems monitoring and controlling network traffic.

Internet Technologies

• Backbones (high-speed data lines)
• Internetworking (connecting separate networks)
• Packet switching networks
• Internet Service Provider (ISP)

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

• Standard language creating web pages, applications

Domain Names

• Unique names associated with IP addresses

Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS)

• Secure protocol for transferring data

Dynamic Web Pages

• Display different content each time viewed.
• Two types: Client-side, Server-side scripting

Cloud Computing

• Network-based computing taking place over the internet. (Remotely hosted, ubiquitous, commodified)

E-commerce

• Business involving transfer of information across the internet

Bitcoin

• New currency founded in 2009 by Satoshi Nakamoto

Strategic Information Systems

• Give owners a competitive advantage

Porter's Five Forces

• Threat of new entrants
• Bargaining power of suppliers
• Existing rivalry among competitors
• Bargaining power of buyers
• Threat of substitute products

Search Engines

• Internet-based tools indexing documents

Search Engine Optimization (SEO)

• Process affecting visibility of a website or page

Pay Per Click (PPC)

• Sponsored online advertising

Computer Security

• Protecting data from unauthorized access (confidentiality, integrity, availability)

Security vs Safety

• Security is protecting access. Safety is how people behave when using internet features.

Logic Bombs

• Instructions secretly incorporated into a program.

Trojan Horses

• Masquerades as a beneficial program while quietly doing harmful things

Phishing (and Pharming)

• Fake emails or web pages deceiving users.

Rootkits

• Collection of programs to mask intrusion and grab admin level access

IT Architecture Considerations

• Standardization: using similar products (vendors) for various people
• Integration: Ensures data is not duplicated

System Development Phases

• Initiation
• Analysis
• Design
• Development
• Implementation
• Maintenance

Waterfall Model

• Classic software development lifecycle approach

Prototyping

• Developing a small part of a system at a time

Data Analysis Techniques

• Profiling
• Nonobvious relationship awareness
• Mobile device growth

Intellectual Property Protection

• Trade secrets
• Copyrights
• Patents

Ethical Decision Principles

• (These are too numerous to summarize adequately.)

Big Data, Analytics, and Smart Data

• Big Data + Analytics = Smart Data

Data Analytics

• Analyzing data to draw meaningful, actionable insights

Data Visualization

• Using visual elements (charts, graphs) to represent data.

Test your knowledge on the latest technology trends, including the AI revolution, Moore's Law, and the effects of digitization. Explore key concepts such as convergence, Metcalfe's Law, and creative destruction in the tech industry. Perfect for anyone interested in understanding the future of technology.