Technology Trends and Concepts Quiz

Technology Trends

• AI Revolution
• Building the Digital Future
• Compute and Connectivity Frontiers
• Cutting-edge Engineering
• A Sustainable World

Convergence

• The general process of becoming affordable and accessible

Moore's Law

• Predicts the number of transistors fitting on a computer chip will double every one-and-a-half to two years.

Metcalfe's Law

• The value or power of a network grows exponentially as a function of the number of network members.

Effects of Metcalfe's Law

• Smaller, cheaper processors
• Bigger and more valuable networks
• More applications and growth of the IT industry

Digitisation

• The mass adoption of connected digital services by consumers, enterprises, and government
• Digitisation can play an important role in assisting policymakers to spur economic growth and employment.

Creative Destruction

• According to Schumpeter, the "gale of creative destruction" describes the process of industrial mutation that incessantly revolutionizes the economic structure from within, incessantly destroying the old one, incessantly creating a new one.

Data

• Raw facts and figures that on their own have no meaning
• Data has meaning when processed and in context

Information

• Communication, decision-making, support business processes

Knowledge

• Understanding of rules needed to interpret information

The DIKAR Model

• The "Technology" View: Data → Information → Knowledge → Action
• The "Business" View: Data → Information → Knowledge → Action

Knowledge Types

• Explicit (eg, documents & databases)
• Tacit (rooted in experience & values)

Database

• Structured collection of related data
• Database System- computer program for managing electronic databases

Relational Database

• A collection of tables from which data can be accessed in many different ways without having to reorganise the tables

Boolean Values

• "true" or "false"

Basic Database Operations

• Design
• Data entries
• Queries
• Reports

System

• A set of processes that work together to produce an output

Information System Inputs

• The activity of gathering and capturing data

Information System Processing

• Converting or transforming data into useful outputs

Information System Outputs

• Useful information usually in the form of documents and/or reports

Information System Components

• Hardware
• Software

Transaction Processing System (TPS)

• A type of information system that collects, stores, modifies, and retrieves data transactions.
• Examples: sales order entry, payroll, shipping

Management Information System (MIS)

• An information system that uses data collected by TPS to create reports for managers to make routine business decisions.

Information Management (IM)

• Collecting and managing information from multiple sources and distributing it to multiple audiences.

Information System Benefits

• Gathering
• Storing
• Manipulating
• Retrieving and communicating
• Business rules

Computer System Components

• Motherboard (main component)
• Central Processing Unit (CPU) - the "brain"
• Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
• Control unit
• Registers
• Memory (stores data during processing)
• Primary memory:
  • Registers
  • RAM
  • ROM
  • Cache memory
• Secondary memory (permanent storage)

Storage Devices

• Block storage devices (hard disks)
• Optical storage devices (CDs, DVDs)
• Flash storage devices (USB sticks, flash cards, SSDs)

Embedded System

• Microcontroller or microprocessor-based system designed for a specific task (e.g., fire alarm)

Mobile Hardware

• Central Processing Units (CPUs) optimized for low power environments.

Levels of Abstraction

• Algorithms --> high-level programming languages --> low-level languages (machine code, assembly language)

Algorithms

• Procedures for a tasks

Operating Systems

• Combination of CPU and operating system (OS)

Open Source Software (OSS)

• Software with source code made available, which usually allows users to modify and redistribute

General Public License (GPL)

• License under which Open Source software is available for free.

Networks

• Local Area Networks (LAN)
• Wide Area Networks (WAN)
• Intranet (private LAN for internal use)
• Extranet (network connecting people inside and outside the company)

Network Classifications

• Topology
• Protocol
• Network Architecture

Network Protocols

• Ethernet Protocol
• Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).

Network Architectures

• Peer-to-peer (computers connect directly to each other)
• Client-server (client computer sends information to a server)

Firewalls

• Network security systems monitoring and controlling network traffic.

Internet Technologies

• Backbones (high-speed data lines)
• Internetworking (connecting separate networks)
• Packet switching networks
• Internet Service Provider (ISP)

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

• Standard language creating web pages, applications

Domain Names

• Unique names associated with IP addresses

Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS)

• Secure protocol for transferring data

Dynamic Web Pages

• Display different content each time viewed.
• Two types: Client-side, Server-side scripting

Cloud Computing

• Network-based computing taking place over the internet. (Remotely hosted, ubiquitous, commodified)

E-commerce

• Business involving transfer of information across the internet

Bitcoin

• New currency founded in 2009 by Satoshi Nakamoto

Strategic Information Systems

• Give owners a competitive advantage

Porter's Five Forces

• Threat of new entrants
• Bargaining power of suppliers
• Existing rivalry among competitors
• Bargaining power of buyers
• Threat of substitute products

Search Engines

• Internet-based tools indexing documents

Search Engine Optimization (SEO)

• Process affecting visibility of a website or page

Pay Per Click (PPC)

• Sponsored online advertising

Computer Security

• Protecting data from unauthorized access (confidentiality, integrity, availability)

Security vs Safety

• Security is protecting access. Safety is how people behave when using internet features.

Logic Bombs

• Instructions secretly incorporated into a program.

Trojan Horses

• Masquerades as a beneficial program while quietly doing harmful things

Phishing (and Pharming)

• Fake emails or web pages deceiving users.

Rootkits

• Collection of programs to mask intrusion and grab admin level access

IT Architecture Considerations

• Standardization: using similar products (vendors) for various people
• Integration: Ensures data is not duplicated

System Development Phases

• Initiation
• Analysis
• Design
• Development
• Implementation
• Maintenance

Waterfall Model

• Classic software development lifecycle approach

Prototyping

• Developing a small part of a system at a time

Data Analysis Techniques

• Profiling
• Nonobvious relationship awareness
• Mobile device growth

Intellectual Property Protection

• Trade secrets
• Copyrights
• Patents

Ethical Decision Principles

• (These are too numerous to summarize adequately.)

Big Data, Analytics, and Smart Data

• Big Data + Analytics = Smart Data

Data Analytics

• Analyzing data to draw meaningful, actionable insights

Data Visualization

• Using visual elements (charts, graphs) to represent data.