TEAS Exam 7: Reading Comprehension

Overview of the TEAS Exam 7

• The TEAS exam consists of 170 questions and must be completed in 209 minutes.
• The exam covers reading, mathematics, science, English, and language usage.

Reading Section

• The reading section has 45 questions to be completed in 55 minutes.
• Questions often involve reading a text passage and answering questions.
• Summarizing involves creating a short version of the key points.
• The topic is the subject of the text in a few words
• The main idea is a complete sentence about the most important point made in the text.
• Arguments that support the main idea are supporting details.
• Paraphrasing involves rephrasing something already said.
• Interference or implication is information implied, but not written outright.
• A theme is an idea, issue, or question raised by the text.

Types of Text

• A list of steps to follow in order is a direction.
• An announcement is a notice for a request, service, or event.
• A memo is typically used in a workplace setting for action plans or information requests.
• A key to define symbols is a legend, often used on maps.
• Ads include product descriptions, prices, and contact information for selling products.

Author's Tone

• Facts can be proved or disproved.
• Opinions are the author's personal thoughts or feelings.
• Bias is prejudice for or against a person or group.
• A stereotype is a bias applied to a whole group or place.

Text Structure

• A problem and solution presents a problem followed by one or more solutions.
• Comparative text compares and contrasts information.
• Comparing text describes similarities between two things.
• Contrasting text describes differences between two things.
• Cause and effect presents an action followed by its effects.
• Descriptive text describes events, ideas, or people.
• A noun is a person, place, or thing.
• An adjective describes a noun or pronoun.
• An adverb describes a verb, adjective, or adverb, often ending in "-ly".
• A narrative passage tells a story, fiction, or nonfiction, with similes and metaphors.
• Similes use "like" and "as."
• A metaphor compares two things by saying one word to mean another.
• Personification is when non-human items are portrayed as human.
• An expository passage teaches and informs with nonfiction works.
• A technical passage describes complex objects or processes, often in medical or technology fields.
• An informative passage explains an event, concept, or idea using facts and figures.
• A persuasive passage aims to change the reader's mind and influence them to agree with the author.

Decoding Text

• Denotative meaning is the literal dictionary definition of a word.
• Connotative meaning goes beyond the literal to include the emotional reaction a word may invoke.
• A prediction is a guess of what will happen next in the story
• Drawing conclusions piece together the pieces
• Foreshadowing involves hints that anticipate something.
• Drawing conclusions piece together the pieces
• Counter arguments are objections or flaws in the argument that can be pointed out.

Parts of a Paper

• The heading is the main topic being addressed.
• Subheadings are smaller sections within the main topic.
• End notes are listed at the end of paragraphs and chapters of a document.
• A footnote is text at the bottom of a page with facts and figures.

Finding Important Text

• Bolded words indicate importance.
• Italics emphasize important words, phrases, or sentences.
• Underlining is used for emphasis or beneath titles of published works.

Types of Sources

• A primary source contains information directly from the source being studied.
• A secondary source contains reviews or observations made by others.
• Credible websites from libraries, universities, or government organizations are quality internet sources.
• Dictionaries are an alphabetical list of words and their definitions.
• Almanacs are published annually with facts on various topics.
• Encyclopedias are a set of books containing short articles about various topics arranged alphabetically.
• An atlas is a book of maps.
• A thesaurus is a book of words with their synonyms and antonyms.

Organizing Information

• Spatial organization lets the readers see information fixed in space and is used to describe a place.
• Chronological organization places information in a sequence and is often used for step-by-step processes.
• Logical organization presents information in a logical sense.

Mathematics Section

• There are 30 questions in 57 minutes, and an on-screen calculator and scratch paper are provided.
• An integer is any positive or negative whole number, including zero.
• A prime number is a whole number, greater than one, that can be divided evenly by one and itself.
• A composite number is any whole number that is not a prime number.
• An even number is a number that can be divided by two.
• An odd number is a number that cannot be divided by two.
• Rational numbers are numbers made by a ratio of 2 integers.
• Irrational numbers are numbers that cannot be written as fractions or decimals with repeating patterns.
• Fractions have a numerator (on top) and a denominator (on the bottom).
• A proper fraction has a denominator that is greater than the numerator.
• An improper fraction has a numerator that is greater than the denominator.
• PEMDAS: Order of operations - Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication and Division, Addition and Subtraction.
• Fraction Hack: Turn fractions into decimals.

Areas of Shapes

• Triangle: 1/2 of the base times the height.
• Square: s squared
• Circle: Area = pi radius squared.
• Rectangle: Length times width.
• Stem and leaf plot: The mean, median, mode, and ranges can be calculated from the data shown..
• Mean: The average of the data points.
• Median: The value in the middle of the data set
• Mode: The value that appears most often in the data set.
• Range: The difference between the highest and lowest values in the data set.
• Need to memorize measurements and conversions.

Science Section

• The science section is 50 questions in 60 minutes.
• The content includes anatomy and physiology (18 questions), biology (9), chemistry (8), and scientific reasoning (9).

Biology

• Biology is the study of all living things.
• A cell is the unit of all living things.
• Cells contain RNA and DNA that synthesize proteins.
• There are two different main types of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
• Prokaryotic cells are unicellular.
• Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus.
• Cells grouped together are called tissues, tissues grouped together are called organs, and organs grouped together are called systems.
• An organism is a complete individual.

Parts of a Cell

• The Golgi complex sorts and delivers proteins out of the cell.
• Vacuoles are like a vacuum that has a sack that sucks up digested products stores them and then removes waste
• The nucleus is the control center of the cell.
• Vesicles are the forklifts inside Amazon Prime.
• The cytoskeleton keeps and helps maintain the shape of the cell.
• Cytosol is the liquid inside the cell.
• The cell membrane is the barrier that allows cytoplasm in and outside the cell.
• The endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes and transports proteins and lipids.
• Ribosomes synthesize proteins from amino acids.
• Mitochondria generates ATP energy.

Mitosis and Meiosis

• Mitosis is the stage of the cell cycle when the nucleus divides.
• To remember the stages of Mitosis: Pat.
• P is for prophase, M is for metaphase, A is for anaphase, and T is for telophase.
• Prophase: Pairs of Chromatin, which are DNA and proteins, bind together while the mitotic spindle forms.
• Metaphase spindle aligns the chromosomes along the middle.
• Anaphase: Sister chromatids split at the center and pull towards opposite poles.
• Telophase: 2 daughter cells are produced.
• Meiosis is 2 rounds and has 4 daughter cells.

Histology

• Histology is the study of tissues.
• There are four main types of tissues: nervous, epithelial, connective, and muscle.
• Nervous tissue is for control and communication.
• Epithelial tissues cover and protect the surface of the body and organs.
  • If they are flat, they're squamous.
  • If they're cube-shaped, they're cuboidal.
  • If they're long and thin, they're columnar.
• Connective tissues support, insulate, and transport substances and store fluids and energy everywhere in the body.
• Muscle tissue helps the muscles of the body to move.

RNA vs DNA

• Chromosomes are made up of genes, and genes are a single unit of genetic information.
• DNA, also called deoxyribonucleic acid, makes up genes that pass on genetic information.
• DNA genetic information has a double helix shape.
• DNA has 4 nitrogenous bases.
  • Adenine (A) pairs up with thymine (T).
  • Guanine (G) pairs up with cytosine (C).
• RNA is ribonucleic acid, which is a helper of DNA.
  • It converts genetic information from the DNA into protein.
  • Nitrogenous bases in RNA include A, U (for uracil instead of thymine), C, and G.
• DNA stores and transmits genetic information, and its bases are A, T, C, and G.
• RNA converts genetic information from DNA into protein, and its bases are A, U, C, and G.
• Genes are a portion of DNA that identifies how traits are expressed.
• Genotype: The genetic code.
• Phenotype: Physical visual manifestations of a genre

Nutrition and Macromolecules

• Macromolecules are large molecules.
• Carbohydrates are the primary source of energy that can be converted into sugars or glucose.
  • There are 2 types of simple sugars from carbs
    • Monosaccharides: Glucose, fructose, Galactose
    • Disaccharides: Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose
• Lipids are fats, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes used for energy storage and structural functions.
  • Lipids do not mix well with water.
• Proteins are macromolecules formed into amino acids.
• Nucleic acids are macromolecules made of nucleotides that store information or energy.
• When molecules come together or break apart, it's important to know these definitions
  • Anabolic: Adding more molecules together to form macromolecules.
  • Catabolic: Breaking down large molecules into smaller ones and releasing energy in the process.

Infection

• The Chain of Infection starts with the infectious agent.
  • This could be a bacteria virus a parasite
• The infectious agent's reservoir is where it lives.
  • It could live in a person animal soil food water
• The mode of transmission.
  • This can be contact, droplet, Airborne, or enteric.
• The portal of entry is: vomit, saliva, blood, feces, and the susceptible host
  • Babies, children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals are most at risk.
• Pathogens:
  • Bacteria
  • Virus
  • Fungi
  • Protozoa
• How to classify bacteria
  • Is it Gram positive or negative?
  • What is the taxonomic status: Genera and species?
  • Is it anaerobic or aerobic?
  • What is the usual environment?
  • What is the virulence factor?

Types of Immunity

• Natural Active: From the infection itself building antibodies and Immunity from that infection the next is
• Artificial Active: Getting a vaccine to protect yourself against these different pathogens
• Natural Passive: Breast milk the protection through her breast milk to her infant
• Artificial Passive: Artificial monoclonal antibodies

Defenses

• Defenses are the body's lines of defense to keep infection away
• The first line of defense is the skin.
• The second line of defense includes phagocytic antigen-eating leukocytes, antimicrobial proteins, and the inflammatory response.
  • The inflammatory response includes heat, redness, pain, and swelling that the body uses to fight off infection.

Asepsis

• Asepsis is being free of bacteria.
• Medical asepsis tries to limit the number of microorganisms, while surgical asepsis eliminates them.

Chemistry

• All matter consists of atoms.
• Protons are positive.
• Electrons are negative.
• Neutrons are neutral and have no electrical charge.
• The nucleus has protons and neutrons, and electrons are outside the nucleus.
• The atomic number is the number of positively charged protons.
• Isotopes are elements with the same number of protons and electrons but a different number of neutrons.
• Types of chemical bonds
  • Ionic bonding occurs when an atom becomes negatively or positively charged when gaining or losing electrons and turns into an ion. Valent bonding is atoms that share electrons
• Types of chemical reactants
  • Combination reaction
  • Decomposition reaction
  • Single replacement
  • Double replacement
• An ion is an atom or a group of atoms that have positive or negative electrical charges.
  • A cation loses electrons.
  • An anion gains electrons.

Substance Movement

• Diffusion is movement from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration without energy.
• Facilitated diffusion is when molecules are moved by a carrier or protein
• Osmosis is the movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane from an area of lower concentration to higher concentration.
• Matter is substances that have mass and volume.
  • Mass is a measure of elasticity.
  • Volume is the amount of space occupied.
  • Density is the measure of any amount of mass divided by united volume
• Specific gravity is the ratio of a substance's density compared to water. Urine specific gravity is 1.005 to 1.030.
• Acid/Base balance:
  • Acid substances that increase the concentration
  • Base will decrease the concentration

Anatomy and Physiology

• Medial is towards the middle.
• Lateral is away from the midline of the body.
• Proximal is closer to the center of the body, versus distal, which is further away from the center of the body.
• Anterior is front, posterior is behind, superior is above, and inferior is below.

Respiratory System

• The components are the lungs, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), large and small airways, nose, and mouth.
• The main function supplies the body with oxygen (O2) and gets rid of carbon dioxide.
• Hyperventilation is rapid breathing.
• Hypoventilation is slow breathing that causes alkalosis.
• Ventilation is the process of moving air in and out of the lungs.
• Inspiration is where the thoracic cavity expands, versus expiration where the thoracic cavity reduces.
• Parietal pleura: membrane that lines the thoracic cavity
• Visceral pleura: membrane that lines a surface of the lung

Cardiovascular System

• The heart blood and blood vessels.
• main function to transport substances
• There are 4 mainstream valves
  • tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral or bicuspid, and the aortic.
• Veins carry:
  • Deoxygenated blood to the heart to get oxygenated
• Arteries
  • Carry oxygenated blood
• Systolic pressure is the pressure exerted when the heart contracts.
• Diastolic pressure is the pressure when the heart relaxes.
• Systemic circulation distributes oxygen-rich blood.
• Pulmonary circulation sends deoxygenated blood out to the lungs.
• Blood components:
  • Plasma is the liquid component of blood.
  • Red blood cells are erythrocytes.
  • White blood cells are leukocytes that are part of the immune system.
  • Platelets are involved in blood clotting.
• Electrocardiograms
  • The p-wave is when the atriums are contracting.

Lymphatic System

• lymph nodes the spleen the appendix adenoids thymus tonsils and parts of the small intestine
• Functions is immune system support
• returns excess flu to blood transports that from a digestive tract and disposes of cellular waist debris
• Lymph nodes filter the Lymph of Pathogen
• Spleen lymphocytes
• Thymus: T for rough tea

Digestive System

• The functions start with the mouth, which is used for mechanical digestion.
• The next function of the digestive system is to mix and to pass through
• Propulsion is movement through the GI tract, which it contracts a GI tract
• Chemical digestion breaks down the molecules, and enzymes helps the body digest that food to transit to GI Lumen absorption

Nervous system

• brain and spinal cord main function of interprets centers motors.
• lobe: the Artsy side this where you're going to have creativity.
• Left logic: So it is going to be speech math Writing and logical processes and find
• the spinal cord this is what transmits signals between the brain and the rest of the body

1. The central nervous system include the brain and spinal cord
2. The peripheral nervous system has two subsystems, the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system

• The somatic nervous system controls skeletal muscles, and the autonomic controls involuntary movements like heartbeat, digestion, etc.

2. The autonomic nervous system further divides to sympathetic and parasympathetic

• the sympathetic is fight or flight vs parasympathetic is rest & digest
• Neurotransmitters are chemicals released

Muscular system

• skeletal muscles the smooth cardiac Main function of the muscular system and used by muscular system you can see the muscles in muscles.
• Skeletal Muscle is voluntary muscle that more scared to to do so.

Reproductive system used to reproduce offspring.

• Male reproductive system first we have to test to produce the sperm

• Epididymis stores mature sperm, and the vas deferens is through the urethra and prostate gland fluids.

• (Female reproductive system) includes the ovaries.

• Ovaries produce the egg

• Fallopian tubes transfers eggs to the uterus which is for houses.

• The vagina to can give birth the vagina

• The reproductive cycle is a hormonal process that results in the shedding of blood (menses)

• During the follicular phase, hormones develop and estrogen increases.

• Ovulation is the release of that egg from the ovary

• Luteal phase

  • Fertilization of that ovum happens during this phase
  • a test do you use it to see patients that being pregnant can

Integumentary system

• Protections
• Functions: protection against infection produce Communications with sensory and motor new

Endocrine system

• Primarily hormones that help regulate and maintain homeostasis in the body

Urinary system

• removes medicine balance body includes: kidneys, urethea, bladder+urethra main hormone to know of anti duretic home increaes water absorbtion there way to remember the functions of the phrase=AWETBED A=acid base balance W= water balance T=toxin removal B=blood pressure cntrol E=erythropietin prodcution D=vit d metabolism

Skeletal system

• Consists of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons.
• Includes bones cartilage ligaments tenants -Bones protect organs anchor muscular.
• the types of bone include long short flat and arie regular.
• Provides calcium for the body