Teaching Internet Skills to Adults with Disabilities

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Questions and Answers

During the teaching condition, what was the primary role of the edible items delivered after each step?

  • To provide immediate reinforcement and maintain behavior in the absence of delayed reinforcement. (correct)
  • To ensure the participant remained seated and focused on the computer screen.
  • To serve as the main motivation for the participant throughout the entire experiment.
  • To distract the participant from the difficulty of the task analysis.

What was the criterion for determining when teaching was considered complete?

  • When the participant accessed the target online game independently for three consecutive sessions. (correct)
  • When the participant received 5-min access to the preferred Internet activity after completion of any step.
  • When the participant completed all 13 steps of the task analysis within 10 minutes.
  • When the experimenter determined that the participant understood the errorless learning procedure.

How did the postteaching sessions differ from the teaching sessions?

  • Postteaching sessions did not involve the delivery of edible reinforcers or prompts. (correct)
  • Postteaching sessions were conducted for a maximum of 60 min instead of 40 min.
  • Postteaching sessions provided access to more preferred Internet activities.
  • Postteaching sessions involved a more intrusive prompting procedure than teaching sessions.

What was the consequence if the participant did not click the mouse within 3 seconds during the teaching condition?

<p>The experimenter used an errorless learning procedure to prompt the participant. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was unique about the initial setup of each teaching session?

<p>The first 12 steps of the task analysis were already completed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What prompting strategy was gradually reduced as training progressed, eventually leading to independent execution of the soccer ball side pass?

<p>Forward chaining with fading prompts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary teaching strategy used to help adults with developmental disabilities learn internet skills?

<p>Errorless learning and backward chaining (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the study by Frank, Wacker, Berg, and McMahon (1985), what was the primary method used to teach computer tasks to individuals with mental retardation?

<p>Forward chaining (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the study, what is the significance of acquiring age-appropriate leisure skills for individuals with disabilities?

<p>It is important and valued for all individuals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What combination of techniques was used in the current study to teach adults with autism and mental retardation to access age-appropriate websites?

<p>Combined errorless learning and backward chaining (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What research design was used in this study to assess the effects of the intervention?

<p>Multiple baseline (across participants) and sequential withdrawal design. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome when picture prompts were removed during the second baseline condition?

<p>The participants' performance decreased. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the initial prompting method used to teach the nine steps of passing a soccer ball?

<p>A combination of verbal instruction and a physical prompt (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key finding regarding the use of picture prompts in training computer skills to individuals with developmental disabilities?

<p>Picture prompts were very effective (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the participants' performance in the posttest and follow-up procedures compare to their performance during the training phase with picture prompts?

<p>Performance was comparable to the training phase with prompts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of prompts were used in the first two training sessions?

<p>Picture prompts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the ultimate goal of the prompting process during the soccer ball training?

<p>To achieve the target behavior without any prompts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of skills were demonstrated as learnable by adults with developmental disabilities, according to the studies mentioned?

<p>Both leisure and computer skills (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which population was the focus of this skill acquisition intervention?

<p>Adults with Autism and Mental Retardation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the rationale of this study, in treating adults with developmental disabilities?

<p>To facilitate access to leisure activities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the diagnoses of Chris and Mark, two of the participants in the study?

<p>Autism and mild mental retardation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What calculation was used to determine agreement between observers in the task analysis?

<p>The number of agreements divided by the sum of agreements and disagreements, multiplied by 100%. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the baseline phase, what action did the experimenter take if the participant did not engage with the computer task for 2 minutes?

<p>Remained silent and did not provide any prompts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the initial instruction given to the participant at the start of each baseline session?

<p>&quot;[Name], do you want to play on the computer?&quot; (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What criterion had to be met for the participant to demonstrate mastery of each step in the task analysis?

<p>Independently completing the step correctly two times consecutively. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of staff informing experimenters which websites interested the participants?

<p>To include preferred activities to increase engagement in the study. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

After a participant mastered a task-analysis step, how was training progressed?

<p>Training was added to the previous step, using backward chaining. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the total amount of steps in the task analysis?

<p>13 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific action had to be performed to access the website?

<p>Double clicking the link from a search engine. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the criterion for progressing to a less intrusive prompt during the prompting procedure?

<p>Performing the task correctly with the current prompt on two consecutive trials. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happened if participants did not complete the 13-step chain during a session?

<p>The session was terminated without access to the website. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of prompting was primarily used, and what was the exception to the prompting procedures?

<p>Most-to-least prompting, with an exception for verbal prompts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase were the generalization probes conducted on a second computer?

<p>Post-teaching only (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the generalization probes?

<p>To ensure that the skills learned would transfer to another computer. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Approximately how far away was the generalization computer from the original training computer?

<p>8 meters (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the discriminative stimulus given to participants during the baseline condition?

<p>&quot;[Name], do you want to play on the computer?&quot; (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspects of the computers were kept similar between the training and generalization settings?

<p>The size, general layout, power button location and mouse type. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential limitation of the study regarding the generalization of skills?

<p>The study did not assess whether participants could independently initiate computer use for leisure without specific prompts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the baselines of the participants (Chris, Mark and Ethan) vary in the study?

<p>Chris started completing 1-4 steps, Mark completed 0-1 steps, and Ethan completed 0-5 steps. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of teaching might have contributed to increased task completion?

<p>The delivery of edible reinforcers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long were the teaching sessions in this study?

<p>40 minutes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did previous research demonstrate regarding teaching computer skills to individuals?

<p>The successful use of task analyses and errorless learning to teach nonleisure computer skills. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What statement accurately describes Ethan's progress in completing the 13-step task?

<p>Ethan completed all 13 steps in every postteaching session. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What research design elements were integrated in the present study?

<p>Teaching leisure skills on the computer to adults with developmental disabilities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was observed during the postteaching and generalization conditions?

<p>Participants completed all 13 steps without any prompting. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Errorless Learning

A teaching method minimizing learner mistakes during the learning process.

Backward Chaining

A skill acquisition method where the last step is taught first.

Internet Skills

The ability to use the internet effectively for various tasks.

Developmental Disabilities

A group of conditions that cause physical and cognitive limitations.

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Leisure Skills

Activities that individuals engage in for enjoyment during their free time.

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Task Analysis

Breaking down a skill into smaller, manageable steps.

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Prompting

A technique to encourage correct responses or actions from learners.

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Posttest

An assessment given after instruction to measure learning effectiveness.

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Forward chaining

A training method where each step of a task is taught sequentially from the beginning.

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Computer skills training

Teaching individuals to perform tasks on a computer effectively.

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Picture prompts

Visual aids used to guide individuals in learning a task.

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Prompting methods

Techniques used to assist learners in performing desired behaviors or tasks.

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Age-appropriate activities

Activities suitable for individuals considering their age and interests.

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Teaching Condition

A phase where participants interacted with online games for reinforcement.

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Reinforcement

Using rewards (edible items) to encourage desired behavior.

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Most-to-Least Intrusive Prompting

Starting with direct help and reducing support gradually.

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Agreement Calculation

A method to determine the level of consensus in observer ratings by using a formula.

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Baseline Condition

The initial phase of an experiment prior to any interventions.

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Prompting Procedure

A technique used to encourage participants to complete tasks independently by providing cues.

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Web Site Access

The process of navigating to a specific internet location using various skills.

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Experimenter Role

The person conducting the experiment, providing support and oversight.

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Participant Engagement

The involvement of individuals in the learning activity or task.

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Baseline Data

Initial measurements taken before any interventions to assess performance.

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Task Completion Criterion

The standard amount of tasks a participant must complete to show mastery.

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Generalization of Skills

The ability to apply learned skills in new or different contexts.

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Independent Completion

Successfully performing tasks without prompts or assistance.

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Teaching Session Length

The duration of time allocated for each instructional period.

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Errorless Learning Method

A learning strategy that reduces mistakes during the acquisition of new skills.

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Multiple Stimulus Presentation

A method of presenting various choices to evaluate preferences or responses.

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Hand-over-elbow guidance

A prompting technique where the instructor guides the learner's arm.

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Generalization Probes

Tests conducted to assess skill transfer to new situations or settings.

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Task Analysis Steps

A sequence of individual steps needed to complete a complex task.

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Intrusive Prompting

Highly noticeable cues given to aid learning, gradually reduced over time.

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Web Site Access Procedure

A specific series of steps designed to enable users to navigate online.

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Discriminative Stimulus

A cue that signals the opportunity for reinforcement in learning.

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Learning Independence

The ability of a participant to perform tasks without prompts or assistance.

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Study Notes

The Effects of Errorless Learning and Backward Chaining on Internet Skills

  • Adults with developmental disabilities (autism and mental retardation) were taught to use specific internet sites.
  • Backward chaining and most-to-least intrusive prompting methods were used.
  • The number of independent steps increased after training.

Age-Appropriate Leisure Skills

  • Important and valued for all individuals.
  • Personal computers are an important leisure activity, especially for those with developmental disabilities.
  • Previous studies have shown effective techniques for teaching leisure skills to those with developmental disabilities.
  • One example was teaching a side-of-the-foot soccer pass using chaining and prompting.
  • This involved 9 steps, taught sequentially, with prompts varying in intrusiveness (verbal, physical, gestures).
  • Behavior was eventually learned without prompts.
  • Another example involved teaching two computer tasks (spelling and clock programs) to 5 adults with mental retardation.
  • These tasks involved 32 and 23 steps, respectively, using backward chaining. Picture prompts were initially used.

Method for Internet Skill Acquisition

  • Participants: Three adults (two men aged 32 and 24, one man aged 25) diagnosed with autism and mild mental retardation.
  • Setting: Day-habilitation center for adults with mental retardation and autism.
  • Baseline condition: Participant's computer usage recorded to determine if any increases in skill use.
  • Teaching condition: Prompting procedure, edible reinforcers used as prompts delivered until participant could perform the tasks independently,
  • Post-teaching condition: Tested to observe if they could perform skill without prompts.
  • Generalization Probes: Second computer was used to see if the skill could be applied in another setting.

Internet Skill Development Key Steps

  • 13-step task analysis was developed to teach computer skills.
  • Steps included: power buttons, mouse control, icons, search box, typing, links, etc.
  • Errorless learning procedure. Participants were instructed step-by-step avoiding errors.
  • Prompts were used, starting with extensive support (hand-over-hand assistance), and gradually reduced (hand-over-wrist, elbow, shoulder).
  • Each step had to be mastered repeatedly before moving to the next.
  • Reinforcers used were edible items delivered after completion of each step.

Outcomes of Study

  • Participants successfully learned to access age-appropriate Web sites.
  • Improvement was observed in the number of task analysis steps completed successfully.
  • Skills generalized to a new computer.

Limitations

  • Study only taught access to two specific websites.
  • Only one generalization computer was used.

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