Podcast
Questions and Answers
During the teaching condition, what was the primary role of the edible items delivered after each step?
During the teaching condition, what was the primary role of the edible items delivered after each step?
- To provide immediate reinforcement and maintain behavior in the absence of delayed reinforcement. (correct)
- To ensure the participant remained seated and focused on the computer screen.
- To serve as the main motivation for the participant throughout the entire experiment.
- To distract the participant from the difficulty of the task analysis.
What was the criterion for determining when teaching was considered complete?
What was the criterion for determining when teaching was considered complete?
- When the participant accessed the target online game independently for three consecutive sessions. (correct)
- When the participant received 5-min access to the preferred Internet activity after completion of any step.
- When the participant completed all 13 steps of the task analysis within 10 minutes.
- When the experimenter determined that the participant understood the errorless learning procedure.
How did the postteaching sessions differ from the teaching sessions?
How did the postteaching sessions differ from the teaching sessions?
- Postteaching sessions did not involve the delivery of edible reinforcers or prompts. (correct)
- Postteaching sessions were conducted for a maximum of 60 min instead of 40 min.
- Postteaching sessions provided access to more preferred Internet activities.
- Postteaching sessions involved a more intrusive prompting procedure than teaching sessions.
What was the consequence if the participant did not click the mouse within 3 seconds during the teaching condition?
What was the consequence if the participant did not click the mouse within 3 seconds during the teaching condition?
What was unique about the initial setup of each teaching session?
What was unique about the initial setup of each teaching session?
What prompting strategy was gradually reduced as training progressed, eventually leading to independent execution of the soccer ball side pass?
What prompting strategy was gradually reduced as training progressed, eventually leading to independent execution of the soccer ball side pass?
What was the primary teaching strategy used to help adults with developmental disabilities learn internet skills?
What was the primary teaching strategy used to help adults with developmental disabilities learn internet skills?
In the study by Frank, Wacker, Berg, and McMahon (1985), what was the primary method used to teach computer tasks to individuals with mental retardation?
In the study by Frank, Wacker, Berg, and McMahon (1985), what was the primary method used to teach computer tasks to individuals with mental retardation?
According to the study, what is the significance of acquiring age-appropriate leisure skills for individuals with disabilities?
According to the study, what is the significance of acquiring age-appropriate leisure skills for individuals with disabilities?
What combination of techniques was used in the current study to teach adults with autism and mental retardation to access age-appropriate websites?
What combination of techniques was used in the current study to teach adults with autism and mental retardation to access age-appropriate websites?
What research design was used in this study to assess the effects of the intervention?
What research design was used in this study to assess the effects of the intervention?
What was the outcome when picture prompts were removed during the second baseline condition?
What was the outcome when picture prompts were removed during the second baseline condition?
What was the initial prompting method used to teach the nine steps of passing a soccer ball?
What was the initial prompting method used to teach the nine steps of passing a soccer ball?
What was a key finding regarding the use of picture prompts in training computer skills to individuals with developmental disabilities?
What was a key finding regarding the use of picture prompts in training computer skills to individuals with developmental disabilities?
How did the participants' performance in the posttest and follow-up procedures compare to their performance during the training phase with picture prompts?
How did the participants' performance in the posttest and follow-up procedures compare to their performance during the training phase with picture prompts?
What type of prompts were used in the first two training sessions?
What type of prompts were used in the first two training sessions?
What was the ultimate goal of the prompting process during the soccer ball training?
What was the ultimate goal of the prompting process during the soccer ball training?
What type of skills were demonstrated as learnable by adults with developmental disabilities, according to the studies mentioned?
What type of skills were demonstrated as learnable by adults with developmental disabilities, according to the studies mentioned?
Which population was the focus of this skill acquisition intervention?
Which population was the focus of this skill acquisition intervention?
What was the rationale of this study, in treating adults with developmental disabilities?
What was the rationale of this study, in treating adults with developmental disabilities?
What were the diagnoses of Chris and Mark, two of the participants in the study?
What were the diagnoses of Chris and Mark, two of the participants in the study?
What calculation was used to determine agreement between observers in the task analysis?
What calculation was used to determine agreement between observers in the task analysis?
During the baseline phase, what action did the experimenter take if the participant did not engage with the computer task for 2 minutes?
During the baseline phase, what action did the experimenter take if the participant did not engage with the computer task for 2 minutes?
What was the initial instruction given to the participant at the start of each baseline session?
What was the initial instruction given to the participant at the start of each baseline session?
What criterion had to be met for the participant to demonstrate mastery of each step in the task analysis?
What criterion had to be met for the participant to demonstrate mastery of each step in the task analysis?
What was the purpose of staff informing experimenters which websites interested the participants?
What was the purpose of staff informing experimenters which websites interested the participants?
After a participant mastered a task-analysis step, how was training progressed?
After a participant mastered a task-analysis step, how was training progressed?
What was the total amount of steps in the task analysis?
What was the total amount of steps in the task analysis?
What specific action had to be performed to access the website?
What specific action had to be performed to access the website?
What was the criterion for progressing to a less intrusive prompt during the prompting procedure?
What was the criterion for progressing to a less intrusive prompt during the prompting procedure?
What happened if participants did not complete the 13-step chain during a session?
What happened if participants did not complete the 13-step chain during a session?
What type of prompting was primarily used, and what was the exception to the prompting procedures?
What type of prompting was primarily used, and what was the exception to the prompting procedures?
During which phase were the generalization probes conducted on a second computer?
During which phase were the generalization probes conducted on a second computer?
What was the purpose of the generalization probes?
What was the purpose of the generalization probes?
Approximately how far away was the generalization computer from the original training computer?
Approximately how far away was the generalization computer from the original training computer?
What was the discriminative stimulus given to participants during the baseline condition?
What was the discriminative stimulus given to participants during the baseline condition?
What aspects of the computers were kept similar between the training and generalization settings?
What aspects of the computers were kept similar between the training and generalization settings?
What is a potential limitation of the study regarding the generalization of skills?
What is a potential limitation of the study regarding the generalization of skills?
How did the baselines of the participants (Chris, Mark and Ethan) vary in the study?
How did the baselines of the participants (Chris, Mark and Ethan) vary in the study?
What aspect of teaching might have contributed to increased task completion?
What aspect of teaching might have contributed to increased task completion?
How long were the teaching sessions in this study?
How long were the teaching sessions in this study?
What did previous research demonstrate regarding teaching computer skills to individuals?
What did previous research demonstrate regarding teaching computer skills to individuals?
What statement accurately describes Ethan's progress in completing the 13-step task?
What statement accurately describes Ethan's progress in completing the 13-step task?
What research design elements were integrated in the present study?
What research design elements were integrated in the present study?
What was observed during the postteaching and generalization conditions?
What was observed during the postteaching and generalization conditions?
Flashcards
Errorless Learning
Errorless Learning
A teaching method minimizing learner mistakes during the learning process.
Backward Chaining
Backward Chaining
A skill acquisition method where the last step is taught first.
Internet Skills
Internet Skills
The ability to use the internet effectively for various tasks.
Developmental Disabilities
Developmental Disabilities
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Leisure Skills
Leisure Skills
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Task Analysis
Task Analysis
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Prompting
Prompting
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Posttest
Posttest
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Forward chaining
Forward chaining
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Computer skills training
Computer skills training
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Picture prompts
Picture prompts
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Prompting methods
Prompting methods
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Age-appropriate activities
Age-appropriate activities
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Teaching Condition
Teaching Condition
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Reinforcement
Reinforcement
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Most-to-Least Intrusive Prompting
Most-to-Least Intrusive Prompting
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Agreement Calculation
Agreement Calculation
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Baseline Condition
Baseline Condition
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Prompting Procedure
Prompting Procedure
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Web Site Access
Web Site Access
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Experimenter Role
Experimenter Role
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Participant Engagement
Participant Engagement
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Baseline Data
Baseline Data
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Task Completion Criterion
Task Completion Criterion
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Generalization of Skills
Generalization of Skills
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Independent Completion
Independent Completion
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Teaching Session Length
Teaching Session Length
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Errorless Learning Method
Errorless Learning Method
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Multiple Stimulus Presentation
Multiple Stimulus Presentation
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Hand-over-elbow guidance
Hand-over-elbow guidance
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Generalization Probes
Generalization Probes
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Task Analysis Steps
Task Analysis Steps
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Intrusive Prompting
Intrusive Prompting
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Web Site Access Procedure
Web Site Access Procedure
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Discriminative Stimulus
Discriminative Stimulus
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Learning Independence
Learning Independence
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Study Notes
The Effects of Errorless Learning and Backward Chaining on Internet Skills
- Adults with developmental disabilities (autism and mental retardation) were taught to use specific internet sites.
- Backward chaining and most-to-least intrusive prompting methods were used.
- The number of independent steps increased after training.
Age-Appropriate Leisure Skills
- Important and valued for all individuals.
- Personal computers are an important leisure activity, especially for those with developmental disabilities.
- Previous studies have shown effective techniques for teaching leisure skills to those with developmental disabilities.
- One example was teaching a side-of-the-foot soccer pass using chaining and prompting.
- This involved 9 steps, taught sequentially, with prompts varying in intrusiveness (verbal, physical, gestures).
- Behavior was eventually learned without prompts.
- Another example involved teaching two computer tasks (spelling and clock programs) to 5 adults with mental retardation.
- These tasks involved 32 and 23 steps, respectively, using backward chaining. Picture prompts were initially used.
Method for Internet Skill Acquisition
- Participants: Three adults (two men aged 32 and 24, one man aged 25) diagnosed with autism and mild mental retardation.
- Setting: Day-habilitation center for adults with mental retardation and autism.
- Baseline condition: Participant's computer usage recorded to determine if any increases in skill use.
- Teaching condition: Prompting procedure, edible reinforcers used as prompts delivered until participant could perform the tasks independently,
- Post-teaching condition: Tested to observe if they could perform skill without prompts.
- Generalization Probes: Second computer was used to see if the skill could be applied in another setting.
Internet Skill Development Key Steps
- 13-step task analysis was developed to teach computer skills.
- Steps included: power buttons, mouse control, icons, search box, typing, links, etc.
- Errorless learning procedure. Participants were instructed step-by-step avoiding errors.
- Prompts were used, starting with extensive support (hand-over-hand assistance), and gradually reduced (hand-over-wrist, elbow, shoulder).
- Each step had to be mastered repeatedly before moving to the next.
- Reinforcers used were edible items delivered after completion of each step.
Outcomes of Study
- Participants successfully learned to access age-appropriate Web sites.
- Improvement was observed in the number of task analysis steps completed successfully.
- Skills generalized to a new computer.
Limitations
- Study only taught access to two specific websites.
- Only one generalization computer was used.
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