Teaching Internet Skills to Adults with Disabilities

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Questions and Answers

During the teaching condition, what was the primary role of the edible items delivered after each step?

To provide immediate reinforcement and maintain behavior in the absence of delayed reinforcement. (correct)

To ensure the participant remained seated and focused on the computer screen.

To serve as the main motivation for the participant throughout the entire experiment.

To distract the participant from the difficulty of the task analysis.

What was the criterion for determining when teaching was considered complete?

When the participant accessed the target online game independently for three consecutive sessions. (correct)

When the participant received 5-min access to the preferred Internet activity after completion of any step.

When the participant completed all 13 steps of the task analysis within 10 minutes.

When the experimenter determined that the participant understood the errorless learning procedure.

How did the postteaching sessions differ from the teaching sessions?

Postteaching sessions did not involve the delivery of edible reinforcers or prompts. (correct)

Postteaching sessions were conducted for a maximum of 60 min instead of 40 min.

Postteaching sessions provided access to more preferred Internet activities.

Postteaching sessions involved a more intrusive prompting procedure than teaching sessions.

What was the consequence if the participant did not click the mouse within 3 seconds during the teaching condition?

The experimenter used an errorless learning procedure to prompt the participant. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What was unique about the initial setup of each teaching session?

The first 12 steps of the task analysis were already completed. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What prompting strategy was gradually reduced as training progressed, eventually leading to independent execution of the soccer ball side pass?

Forward chaining with fading prompts (A) Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary teaching strategy used to help adults with developmental disabilities learn internet skills?

Errorless learning and backward chaining (A) Signup and view all the answers

In the study by Frank, Wacker, Berg, and McMahon (1985), what was the primary method used to teach computer tasks to individuals with mental retardation?

Forward chaining (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to the study, what is the significance of acquiring age-appropriate leisure skills for individuals with disabilities?

It is important and valued for all individuals. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What combination of techniques was used in the current study to teach adults with autism and mental retardation to access age-appropriate websites?

Combined errorless learning and backward chaining (C) Signup and view all the answers

What research design was used in this study to assess the effects of the intervention?

Multiple baseline (across participants) and sequential withdrawal design. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome when picture prompts were removed during the second baseline condition?

The participants' performance decreased. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What was the initial prompting method used to teach the nine steps of passing a soccer ball?

A combination of verbal instruction and a physical prompt (A) Signup and view all the answers

What was a key finding regarding the use of picture prompts in training computer skills to individuals with developmental disabilities?

Picture prompts were very effective (A) Signup and view all the answers

How did the participants' performance in the posttest and follow-up procedures compare to their performance during the training phase with picture prompts?

Performance was comparable to the training phase with prompts. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What type of prompts were used in the first two training sessions?

Picture prompts (A) Signup and view all the answers

What was the ultimate goal of the prompting process during the soccer ball training?

To achieve the target behavior without any prompts (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of skills were demonstrated as learnable by adults with developmental disabilities, according to the studies mentioned?

Both leisure and computer skills (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which population was the focus of this skill acquisition intervention?

Adults with Autism and Mental Retardation. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What was the rationale of this study, in treating adults with developmental disabilities?

To facilitate access to leisure activities. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What were the diagnoses of Chris and Mark, two of the participants in the study?

Autism and mild mental retardation (A) Signup and view all the answers

What calculation was used to determine agreement between observers in the task analysis?

The number of agreements divided by the sum of agreements and disagreements, multiplied by 100%. (A) Signup and view all the answers

During the baseline phase, what action did the experimenter take if the participant did not engage with the computer task for 2 minutes?

Remained silent and did not provide any prompts. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What was the initial instruction given to the participant at the start of each baseline session?

"[Name], do you want to play on the computer?" (B) Signup and view all the answers

What criterion had to be met for the participant to demonstrate mastery of each step in the task analysis?

Independently completing the step correctly two times consecutively. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of staff informing experimenters which websites interested the participants?

To include preferred activities to increase engagement in the study. (D) Signup and view all the answers

After a participant mastered a task-analysis step, how was training progressed?

Training was added to the previous step, using backward chaining. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What was the total amount of steps in the task analysis?

13 (A) Signup and view all the answers

What specific action had to be performed to access the website?

Double clicking the link from a search engine. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What was the criterion for progressing to a less intrusive prompt during the prompting procedure?

Performing the task correctly with the current prompt on two consecutive trials. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What happened if participants did not complete the 13-step chain during a session?

The session was terminated without access to the website. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of prompting was primarily used, and what was the exception to the prompting procedures?

Most-to-least prompting, with an exception for verbal prompts. (B) Signup and view all the answers

During which phase were the generalization probes conducted on a second computer?

Post-teaching only (A) Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the generalization probes?

To ensure that the skills learned would transfer to another computer. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Approximately how far away was the generalization computer from the original training computer?

8 meters (A) Signup and view all the answers

What was the discriminative stimulus given to participants during the baseline condition?

"[Name], do you want to play on the computer?" (B) Signup and view all the answers

What aspects of the computers were kept similar between the training and generalization settings?

The size, general layout, power button location and mouse type. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential limitation of the study regarding the generalization of skills?

The study did not assess whether participants could independently initiate computer use for leisure without specific prompts. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How did the baselines of the participants (Chris, Mark and Ethan) vary in the study?

Chris started completing 1-4 steps, Mark completed 0-1 steps, and Ethan completed 0-5 steps. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of teaching might have contributed to increased task completion?

The delivery of edible reinforcers. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How long were the teaching sessions in this study?

40 minutes. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What did previous research demonstrate regarding teaching computer skills to individuals?

The successful use of task analyses and errorless learning to teach nonleisure computer skills. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What statement accurately describes Ethan's progress in completing the 13-step task?

Ethan completed all 13 steps in every postteaching session. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What research design elements were integrated in the present study?

Teaching leisure skills on the computer to adults with developmental disabilities. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What was observed during the postteaching and generalization conditions?

Participants completed all 13 steps without any prompting. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Errorless Learning

A teaching method minimizing learner mistakes during the learning process.

Backward Chaining

A skill acquisition method where the last step is taught first.