Teaching Approaches and Learning Principles

• Learning involves acquiring knowledge and skills.
• Learning refers to the process through which behavior is modified or changed via experience or training.

Teaching Approaches

• Teacher centered approach uses the teacher as the main authority figure and views students as empty vessels, assessment consists of objectively scored tests.
• Learner centered approach uses the teacher as a coach and facilitator, requiring students to play an active role, assessment uses formal and informal forms.

Learner-Centered Psychological Principles (LPPs)

• The American Psychological Association developed LPPs.
• LPPs focus on psychological factors that are internal and under the learner's control, as opposed to conditioned habits or physiological factors.
• LPPs are intended to holistically address learners within real-world learning situations.
• There are 14 principles divided into 4 factors: Cognitive and Metacognitive, Motivational and Affective, Developmental and Social, and Individual Difference.

Cognitive and Metacognitive Factors

• Learning complicated subject matter is most effective through intentional construction of meaning from information and experience.
• Successful learners can create meaningful, coherent representations of knowledge over time with instructional support.
• Successful learners can link new information with existing knowledge meaningfully.
• Successful learners utilize thinking and reasoning strategies to achieve complex learning goals.
• Higher-order strategies facilitate creative and critical thinking.
• Environmental factors, including culture, technology, and instructional practices, impacts learning.

Motivational and Affective Factors

• Motivation influences what and how much is learned, which is influenced by emotional states, beliefs, interests, goals, and thinking habits
• Creativity, higher order thinking, and natural curiosity contribute to motivation to learn.
• Intrinsic motivation is stimulated by tasks of optimal novelty and difficulty, and also relevant interest and personal choice.
• Acquiring complex skills and knowledge requires extended learner effort and guided practice, which is unlikely without coercion.

Developmental and Social Factors

• Different opportunities and constraints arise for learning as individuals develop.
• Learning is most effective when differential development gets accounted for within and across physical, intellectual, emotional, and social domains.
• Social interactions, interpersonal relations, and communication with others plays an important role in learning.

Individual Differences Factors

• Learners possess different strategies, approaches, and capabilities, shaped by prior experience and heredity.
• Learning is most effective when the differences in learners' linguistic, cultural, and social origins get considered.
• Setting high, challenging standards and assessing learner progress, through diagnostic processes and outcome assessment, is integral to learning.

Explore teaching methodologies with teacher-centered and learner-centered approaches. Understand the Learner-Centered Psychological Principles (LPPs) developed by the American Psychological Association. Learn about their focus on internal psychological factors and holistic application in real-world learning.