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Questions and Answers
Which presentation method is the most effective in conveying information quickly to the reader?
What is the primary purpose of using Slovin's formula?
Which type of graph is best suited for illustrating changes over time?
What do you call the space between a row and a column in a table?
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In probability sampling, what is a key characteristic of selections made from the population?
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What is a characteristic of simple random sampling?
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Which sampling method involves selecting based on specific subgroups?
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What defines convenience sampling?
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Which sampling method involves selecting a cluster of individuals rather than individuals themselves?
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In systematic sampling, how is the sample typically selected?
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What characterizes primary data in research?
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Which method of data collection is considered the most effective for gathering original data?
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Which of the following describes secondary data?
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Which data collection method involves the researcher directly observing the situation?
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What is the purpose of sampling in research?
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Which of the following sources would be considered primary data?
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What does 'sample size' refer to in research methodology?
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Which data collection method relies on respondents voluntarily providing information?
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Which measure of central tendency represents the most consistent number in a data set?
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What type of data is measured using whole numbers from a counting process?
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Which statistical approach is primarily concerned with data already available and does not make predictions?
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Which type of data classification involves names and categories with no inherent order?
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What distinguishes ratio data from interval data?
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In which scenario would you use inferential statistics?
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What term describes data that ranks values but does not measure the gaps between them?
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Which of the following best describes the purpose of statistics in everyday life?
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Study Notes
General Fields of Statistics
- Ronald Aylmer Fisher is recognized as the father of modern statistics.
Descriptive Statistics
- Focuses on summarizing and describing existing data rather than inferring conclusions from it.
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Measures of Central Tendency:
- Mean: Average value of a dataset.
- Median: Middle value when data is ordered.
- Mode: Most frequently occurring value in data.
Inferential Statistics
- Involves drawing conclusions and making predictions based on sample data.
- Essential for making informed decisions across various domains.
Uses of Statistics
- Aids in making informed decisions in life and business.
- Helps understand data trends and patterns.
- Facilitates accurate forecasting in economics, finance, marketing, and healthcare.
- Essential for social research through surveys and polls.
- Assists in problem identification and solving with evidence-based insights.
Types of Data
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Numerical (Quantitative): Data based on counts or measurements.
- Discrete: Whole number responses from counting (e.g., number of people).
- Continuous: Measurable data, can include decimals (e.g., temperature).
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Categorical (Qualitative): Data classified by names or attributes.
- Nominal: Classifications without a specific order (e.g., hair color).
- Ordinal: Classifications with a ranked order (e.g., rankings).
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Measurement Levels:
- Interval: Has known differences; no true zero (e.g., temperature).
- Ratio: Has measurable differences and a true zero (e.g., height).
Data Collection
- Data: Systematically collected information regarding a phenomenon.
- Primary Data: Collected first-hand for a specific research purpose (e.g., surveys).
- Secondary Data: Previously collected data, processed for analysis (e.g., government reports).
Methods of Collecting Data
- Direct Interview: Allows flexibility, gathers original data directly.
- Registration Method: Compliance-based data collection.
- Indirect/Questionnaire: Utilizes planned questions sent to respondents.
- Observation Method: Researcher observes situations, suitable for certain studies.
- Experimentation: Gathering data through controlled variables in experiments.
Population and Samples
- Population: The complete set of observations of a specific phenomenon.
- Sample: A smaller, representative subset of the population.
- Sample Size: The number of participants in a study; essential for validity.
- Slovin’s Formula: n = N / (1 + Ne²) for determining an appropriate sample size.
Presentation of Data
- Textual Form: Combines text and figures for a few observations.
- Tabular Presentation: Organizes data systematically in tables for clarity.
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Graphical Presentation: Utilizes visuals like graphs and charts for easier comprehension.
- Bar Graph: Compares magnitudes across categories.
- Line Graph: Shows changes over time.
- Pie Chart: Illustrates proportional parts of a whole.
- Scatter Diagram: Visualizes the relationship between two variables.
Sampling Techniques
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Probability Sampling: All members have an equal chance of selection.
- Simple Random Sampling: Everyone has an equal chance.
- Systematic Sampling: Selecting every nth member.
- Stratified Sampling: Groups are sampled based on strata proportions.
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Non-Probability Sampling: No equal chance of selection; more situational.
- Convenience Sampling: Based on easy availability.
- Purposive Sampling: Selection based on specific objectives of the study.
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