Untitled Quiz

Study Notes

A microprocessor is a central processing unit (CPU) built on a single chip.
It contains millions of transistors and conducts arithmetic and logic operations.
It communicates with other devices using binary data, processing instructions (stored in its memory), and producing output.
Common operations include addition, subtraction, comparison, and moving data.
Key components of a microprocessor include the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), control unit (CU), and register array.
The ALU performs arithmetic and logical operations on data from input devices or memory.
The CU controls the flow of data and instructions in the computer.
The register array consists of storage locations (registers) like B, C, D, E, H, L, and accumulator, used for data processing.
A group of bits is called a word.
The Intel 4004, the first commercial microprocessor (1971), processed 4-bit words, also known as nibbles.
8-bit words are known as bytes.
Intel 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor, and the Intel 8086 is a 16-bit one.
1024 bytes equals a kilobyte (KB), and 1024 kilobytes make a megabyte (MB).

### Microcomputer

A microcomputer is a system incorporating a CPU with associated hardware, designed for data manipulation.
It is a combination of devices including a CPU, memory, and input/output (I/O) components.
It operates based on programs, manipulating data through various inputs to generate outputs.
An integrated circuit (IC) with 30 to 1000 electronic components on a single chip is called Medium-Scale Integration (MSI).
Small-Scale Integration (SSI) ICs, developed in 1964, have 1 to 10 transistors and 1 to 12 logic gates.
Large-Scale Integration (LSI) ICs have up to 1000 logic gates.
Advances in integration technology led to the development of microprocessors, building entire CPUs on a single chip.

A microprocessor is a CPU contained on a single Integrated Circuit (IC).
A microcomputer incorporates a single microprocessor (as its CPU), memory, and I/O components.
A microcontroller integrates all the necessary components of a microcomputer system onto a single chip.
Microcontrollers are independent hardware components, unlike microprocessors, which need additional peripherals and operating systems.
Microprocessors follow the sequence:
- Fetch: Retrieves instructions.
- Decode: Interprets the instructions.
- Execute: Performs the actions defined by the instructions.
- Instructions are stored in memory sequentially.

First generation (1971-1972): Introduced microprocessors like the INTEL 4004, Rockwell International PPS-4, and INTEL 8008.
Second generation (1973-1978): Focused on 8-bit microprocessor development. Popular processors included INTEL 8085, Motorola 6800, and 6801.
Third generation (1979-1980): Marked by the introduction of 16-bit processors like INTEL 8086/80186/80286, Motorola 68000, and 68010. Used HMOS technology.
Fourth generation (1981-1995): Saw the rise of 32-bit processors using HMOS fabrication, including INTEL 80386 and Motorola 68020.
Fifth generation (1995-present): Introduced 64-bit processors, such as PENTIUM, Celeron, and multi-core processors like dual, quad, and octa-core.