Podcast
Questions and Answers
How do individuals from interdependent cultures typically view their attributes?
How do individuals from interdependent cultures typically view their attributes?
What is the 'Better than Average' effect?
What is the 'Better than Average' effect?
What key difference exists between independent and interdependent self-concepts?
What key difference exists between independent and interdependent self-concepts?
What belief characterizes individuals with a fixed mindset?
What belief characterizes individuals with a fixed mindset?
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What is a common misconception about attributes in independent cultures?
What is a common misconception about attributes in independent cultures?
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What triggers a person to rationalize their behavior when it conflicts with their attitude?
What triggers a person to rationalize their behavior when it conflicts with their attitude?
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In the context of recycling, which type of attitude is shown by a person's commitment to recycle regularly?
In the context of recycling, which type of attitude is shown by a person's commitment to recycle regularly?
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What method did The Seekers use to cope with the failure of their predicted prophecy?
What method did The Seekers use to cope with the failure of their predicted prophecy?
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How does a strong attitude differ from other types of attitudes?
How does a strong attitude differ from other types of attitudes?
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Why might an individual choose to change their behavior instead of their attitude?
Why might an individual choose to change their behavior instead of their attitude?
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What is a common response to cognitive dissonance when a person feels hypocritical?
What is a common response to cognitive dissonance when a person feels hypocritical?
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What aspect of attitude is highlighted when a person is reminded of their environmental concerns just after seeing a related prompt?
What aspect of attitude is highlighted when a person is reminded of their environmental concerns just after seeing a related prompt?
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How did the followers of The Seekers respond to not experiencing the foretold event?
How did the followers of The Seekers respond to not experiencing the foretold event?
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What does positive prejudice refer to?
What does positive prejudice refer to?
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Which component of prejudice relates to emotions and feelings about a group?
Which component of prejudice relates to emotions and feelings about a group?
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What is a common effect of negative prejudice on individuals?
What is a common effect of negative prejudice on individuals?
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What example illustrates behavioral discrimination?
What example illustrates behavioral discrimination?
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What does the cognitive component of prejudice primarily involve?
What does the cognitive component of prejudice primarily involve?
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How might past experiences influence the affective component of prejudice?
How might past experiences influence the affective component of prejudice?
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Which of the following accurately describes the impact of stereotypes on individuals?
Which of the following accurately describes the impact of stereotypes on individuals?
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Why is it important to judge individuals outside of their group characteristics?
Why is it important to judge individuals outside of their group characteristics?
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What facial expression might indicate a combination of fear and surprise?
What facial expression might indicate a combination of fear and surprise?
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What is an example of powerful body language?
What is an example of powerful body language?
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Which of the following is a potential impact of using timid body language?
Which of the following is a potential impact of using timid body language?
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How did the accuracy of interpreting facial expressions among people of Papua New Guinea compare to other cultures?
How did the accuracy of interpreting facial expressions among people of Papua New Guinea compare to other cultures?
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What is a situation where facial expressions may not accurately convey emotions?
What is a situation where facial expressions may not accurately convey emotions?
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What can touching build between individuals?
What can touching build between individuals?
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Which body language indicates pride and dominance?
Which body language indicates pride and dominance?
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What may result from a lack of physical touch in a child's development?
What may result from a lack of physical touch in a child's development?
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What is the effect of comparing oneself to individuals rather than vague categories?
What is the effect of comparing oneself to individuals rather than vague categories?
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Which theory explains that self-esteem can be affected by acceptance in social groups?
Which theory explains that self-esteem can be affected by acceptance in social groups?
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What is meant by 'positive distinctiveness' in Social Identity Theory?
What is meant by 'positive distinctiveness' in Social Identity Theory?
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Which statement best describes automatic processing?
Which statement best describes automatic processing?
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Which of the following contributes to self-esteem according to Social Identity Theory?
Which of the following contributes to self-esteem according to Social Identity Theory?
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What role does social identity play in self-esteem?
What role does social identity play in self-esteem?
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What typically happens to self-esteem when in-group members succeed?
What typically happens to self-esteem when in-group members succeed?
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Which of the following best defines self-esteem?
Which of the following best defines self-esteem?
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What influence did the insults have on the level of shocks administered by participants?
What influence did the insults have on the level of shocks administered by participants?
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What does the survey conducted by the students suggest about perceived equality on campus?
What does the survey conducted by the students suggest about perceived equality on campus?
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According to Rogers & Prentice-Dunn, what is necessary for changing attitudes and reducing prejudice?
According to Rogers & Prentice-Dunn, what is necessary for changing attitudes and reducing prejudice?
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What was revealed by the distance participants chose when interviewing a black vs. a white interviewer?
What was revealed by the distance participants chose when interviewing a black vs. a white interviewer?
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What method was used in Bertrand & Mullainathan's study to investigate racial bias in job seeking?
What method was used in Bertrand & Mullainathan's study to investigate racial bias in job seeking?
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Which aspect of prejudice is highlighted by the experiments involving shocks and distancing?
Which aspect of prejudice is highlighted by the experiments involving shocks and distancing?
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What is the significance of choosing a name that resembles an African American name in the job seeking study?
What is the significance of choosing a name that resembles an African American name in the job seeking study?
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What does it suggest when researchers noted higher shock levels administered to individuals following insults?
What does it suggest when researchers noted higher shock levels administered to individuals following insults?
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Study Notes
Social Psychology
- Social psychology is the study of human behavior in social situations. It examines how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by others.
- Factors to consider include: how social interactions impact individuals, how people influence each other, conformity, and the impacts of positive and negative social interactions. It also includes how others (real or imagined reactions) can impact us.
- Social thinking examines our perceptions, beliefs, judgments, and attitudes.
- Social influence is about culture, conformity, persuasion, and group influence.
- Social relations includes prejudice, aggression, attraction, and intimacy.
Research In Social Psychology
- Real answers are not always clear, there are alternative and exceptions.
- Social psychology is used in: social services, education, physical/mental health, business/marketing, social policies, criminal justice, and political science.
Different Levels of Explanation
- Personality Psychology: focuses on individual traits and experiences and how these difference people react to the same situations.
- Social Psychology: focus on individual behavior in social contexts.
Conduct Research: Defining Variables
- Variables: things that can vary; these can be between different people (gender), over time (math skills, anger), or between situations (low vs. high pressure).
- Operationalization: involves defining a variable in a way that it can be measured/manipulated.
Research in Social Psychology: Types of Studies
- Descriptive studies aim to understand a concept or behavior without manipulating any variables to use qualitative methods, such as interviews and observations.
- Correlational studies look for relationships between variables.
Social Cognition
- Schemata: organized knowledge structures used to interpret situations and people; they influence judgments and behaviours.
- Types of schemas include person schemas (characteristics we expect of particular group(s) of people) and event schemas (scripts of how particular events happen).
- Priming: activating certain schemata to create expectations in behaviors and outcomes.
Decision Heuristics
- Heuristics: mental shortcuts to simplify decisions; they can lead to predictable biases, for example, availability heuristic, where we overestimate the likelihood of frequent or recent occurrences.
- Anchoring heuristic: when starting value (anchor) biases judgment in other aspects.
- False consensus effect: a tendency to believe other people are more similar to oneself.
Attitudes and Behaviors
- Attitudes: positive or negative evaluations of people, objects, or issues. These can be changed through classical and operant conditioning.
- Attitude and behavior are connected; attitudes are good to predict behaviors.
Attitudes Influencing Behavior
- Theory of Planned Behavior: combines attitude toward a specific behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control to predict behavior intentions and behaviors.
- Accessibility: when attitude is easily accessible and accessible attitudes are stronger
- Other factors influencing attitude and behaviors (attitudes develop due to personal values, experiences, and classical conditioning)
Social Cognition and Prejudice in Social Groups
- How people think about one another.
- Group membership and how behaviors and feelings toward that group are affected.
- What causes prejudice and how to reduce it.
- Why people are willing to do harmful things, why people dislike other groups? Factors that motivate destructive obedience.
- How can individuals differ in terms of dispositional and situational factors about prejudice.
Social Influence
- Conformity: changes in opinions or behaviors to match others, influenced by information (being in doubt which answer is correct) or the desire to be liked. (being in agreement with people).
- Compliance: agreeing to requests, influenced by the norm of reciprocity (one action motivates another).
- Obedience: following orders, especially from authority figures. (an act of submission)
- The Bystander Effect: a decrease in likelihood of intervention when more people are present.
- Explanations of the Bystander Effect (diffusion of responsibility, pluralistic ignorance, etc.)
- Making personal responsibility salient, to overcome the bystander effect.
Attraction and Relationships
- Social exchange theory: relationships function as trade-offs, exchanging rewards, and costs.
- Perceived costs and rewards in a relationship.
- Comparison level (expectations of what each person need in a relationship) and comparison level for alternatives (comparison with other potential relationships).
- How commitment is related to these aspects
- Investments: resources tied to the relationship that are hard to lose (time, energy, etc.)
Social Emotion
- Examining the role of emotions in social situations. Their functional and social implications. For example, explaining someone's behavior, the perception of feelings and their motivations, and what motivates people to do something.
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