TCP/IP Protocols Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic of ring topology in terms of traffic flow?

Traffic flows in both directions at a moderate speed.

Traffic flows in one direction at a moderate speed.

Traffic flows in both directions at a very high speed.

Traffic flows in one direction at a very high speed. (correct)

What is an advantage of ring topology over bus topology?

It is more expensive to maintain.

It is easier to set up and extend.

It requires a network server to control connectivity.

Its performance is better even when the network is heavily loaded. (correct)

What is a disadvantage of ring topology?

The network is not dependent on the wire.

Each packet of data can bypass other computers.

Each packet of data must pass through all the computers between source and destination. (correct)

The network server controls connectivity between workstations.

What is a characteristic of bus topology?

A set of hosts are connected via a shared communications line. Signup and view all the answers

What is an advantage of bus topology?

It is easy to set up and extend. Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of bus topology?

There is a limit on central cable length and number of nodes that can be connected. Signup and view all the answers

What is used to maintain access and control in bus networks?

Contention Signup and view all the answers

Why is bus topology often used in small networks?

Because it is easy to set up and extend. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of DPSK over coherent detection in PSK demodulation?

Avoids the need for a coherent reference signal Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for the probability of error in DPSK demodulation?

1 - e^(E/No) Signup and view all the answers

What is the bit error rate (BER) if 1 error bit occurs per 1000 bits received?

10^(-3) Signup and view all the answers

What is the acceptable error probability in communication systems?

10^(-2) to 10^(-8) Signup and view all the answers

What is the average number of error bits in a transmission?

m × Pe Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that affects the bit error rate in digital data?

Ratio of signal to noise Signup and view all the answers

Why is DPSK used in PSK demodulation?

To solve the synchronization issues in coherent detection Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of noise that affects the bit error rate in communication systems?

Gaussian noise Signup and view all the answers

Which protocol is responsible for breaking data down into IP packets?

TCP Signup and view all the answers

What type of communication does TCP enable between applications?

Full-duplex Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'handshake' in TCP communication?

To establish a full-duplex communication Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the default gateway in IP?

To forward datagrams to the remote network Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a datagram if it exceeds 255 hops?

It is removed and the destination considered unreachable Signup and view all the answers

Which protocol is used for simple communication between applications?

UDP Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between TCP and IP?

TCP is connection-oriented while IP is connection-less Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of DHCP?

To assign IP addresses dynamically Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of the OSI model's layered approach?

It simplifies the network communication process by dividing it into smaller components Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the OSI model is concerned with the transmission of raw data bits?

Physical layer Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of the OSI model's standardization of network components?

It encourages industry standardization Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of the OSI model's ability to prevent changes in one layer from affecting other layers?

It does not hamper development Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a device that operates in the physical layer?

Hub Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the OSI model?

To allow for communication between different network hardware and software Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of frame traffic control?

To instruct the transmitting node to 'back-off' when no frame buffers are available Signup and view all the answers

How many layers are there in the OSI model?

7 Signup and view all the answers

Which layer is responsible for managing device addressing and tracking the location of devices on the network?

Network layer Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of the OSI model's ability to divide the network communication process into smaller components?

It aids in component development, design, and troubleshooting Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of frame acknowledgment in the data link layer?

To provide and expect frame acknowledgments Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a device that operates in the network layer?

Router Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of frame delimiting in the data link layer?

To create and recognize frame boundaries Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the transport layer?

To provide end-to-end data transport services and establish a logical connection between the sending host and destination host Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of frame fragmentation in the network layer?

To fragment frames for transmission and re-assembly at the destination station Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of logical-physical address mapping in the network layer?

To translate logical addresses, or names, into physical addresses Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

TCP/IP Standard

The TCP/IP standard includes several protocols for handling data communication:
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) for communication between applications
UDP (User Datagram Protocol) for simple communication between applications
IP (Internet Protocol) for communication between computers
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) for errors and statistics
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) for dynamic addressing

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

TCP is responsible for breaking data down into IP packets before they are sent, and for assembling the packets when they arrive
TCP is for communication between applications
To communicate with another application via TCP, a communication request must be sent to an exact address
A "handshake" between the two applications sets up a "full-duplex" communication between them
The "full-duplex" communication occupies the communication line between the two computers until it is closed by one of the two applications

Internet Protocol (IP)

IP is a connection-less protocol, meaning it does not occupy the communication line between two computers
IP uses IP addresses and the subnet mask to determine whether the datagram is on the local or a remote network
If the datagram is on a remote network, it is forwarded to the default gateway, which is a router that links to another network
IP keeps track of the number of traverses through each router that the datagram goes through to reach its destination
Each traverse is called a hop; if the hop count exceeds 255 hops, the datagram is removed and the destination is considered unreachable

PSK Demodulation

Coherent detection can be used to detect a PSK modulated signal, but it requires a coherent local oscillator at the receiver
Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK) is employed in PSK demodulation to avoid the need for a coherent reference signal at the detectors
In DPSK, the data is conveyed by the phase difference between the current pulse and the pulse that precedes it

Bit Error Rate (BER)

The error probability in a digital system is the total number of errors per total number of bits received
The acceptable error probability in communication systems ranges from 10^(-2) to 10^(-8)
The average number of errors is given as Ae = m × Pe, where m is the length of the transmission bits

Ring Topology

Advantages:
- It is better than Bus topology in terms of performance when the load on the network increases
- There is no need for a network server to control the connectivity between workstations
- Additional components do not affect the performance of the network
- Each computer has equal access to resources
Disadvantages:
- Each packet of data must pass through all the computers between the source and destination, making it slower than Star topology
- If one workstation or port goes down, the entire network gets affected
- The network is highly dependent on the wire that connects different components
- MAU's and network cards are expensive compared to Ethernet cards and hubs

Bus Topology

Advantages:
- It is easy to set up and extend
- Cable length required for this topology is the least compared to other networks
- Bus topology is very cheap
- Bus network is mostly used in small networks
Disadvantages:
- There is a limit on central cable length and number of nodes that can be connected
- Dependency on central cable has its disadvantages
- If the main cable goes down, the entire network gets affected

OSI Model

Advantages:
- It allows various types of network hardware and software to communicate
- It prevents changes in one layer from affecting other layers, so it does not hamper development
- It allows multiple-vendor development through standardization of network components
- It encourages industry standardization by defining what functions occur at each layer of the model
- It divides the network communication process into smaller and simpler components, hence aiding component development, design, and troubleshooting

OSI Model Architecture

The OSI model is divided into seven logical layers:
1. Physical Layer: concerned with the transmission of raw data bits over the communication lines
2. Data Link Layer: provides error-free transfer of data frames between two nodes on the same network
3. Network Layer: manages device addressing, tracks the location of devices on the network, and determines the best way to move data from one node to another
4. Transport Layer: provides end-to-end data transport services and establishes a logical connection between the sending host and destination host on an internetwork
5. Session Layer: establishes, manages, and terminates connections between applications
6. Presentation Layer: converts data into a format that can be understood by the receiving device
7. Application Layer: provides services to end-user applications

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Description

Test your knowledge of the TCP/IP standard and its various protocols, including TCP, UDP, IP, ICMP, and DHCP.