TCP/IP Protocol Overview

The primary purpose of the TCP/IP protocol is to enable communication and data exchange between applications on different computers.

The Internet Layer is responsible for delivering IP packets, routing them between networks, and avoiding congestion.

The Transport Layer performs functions such as multiplexing, segmenting data, and ensuring the packets are sent in sequence.

<p>The Application Layer includes protocols that support various applications like TELNET, FTP, SMTP, and DNS, enabling user access and communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Internet Layer focuses on routing and delivering packets without guaranteeing order, while the Transport Layer ensures data is passed efficiently and in sequence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protocols are essential as they provide the set of rules governing communication processes between different devices on a network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TELNET facilitates two-way communication, allowing users to connect to and run applications on remote machines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Transport Layer breaks down larger messages into smaller segments to improve handling and transmission efficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To facilitate communication between different systems without requiring changes to their underlying hardware and software logic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There are seven layers in the OSI model, which help in moving information across a network by breaking down networking tasks into manageable layers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The session layer manages the opening, closing, and maintenance of communication sessions between end-user application processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The lower four layers (transport, network, data link, and physical) are primarily concerned with the flow of data from end to end through the network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The physical layer defines the physical interface and characteristics for the transmission of bits over communication mediums.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The physical layer specifications define mechanical, electrical, functional, and procedural characteristics relevant to physical communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The physical layer transmits data as a stream of bits, which must be encoded into signals like electrical or optical forms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Data is encapsulated with necessary protocol information as it moves down through the layers before network transit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ASCII stands for the American Standard Code for Information Interchange, where numbers are represented by specific bit patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Images are represented by bit patterns, consisting of a matrix of pixels, with each pixel being a small dot.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Audio is continuous and refers to sound, while text, numbers, and images are typically discrete elements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Full-duplex communication allows both devices to transmit and receive data simultaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In simplex communication, data transmission is unidirectional, whereas half-duplex allows both devices to communicate, but not at the same time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A network is a set of devices connected by communication links, allowing them to send and/or receive data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main criteria for evaluating network performance are performance, reliability, and security.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Network performance can be measured through metrics such as transit time and response time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sequence numbers ensure that the message can be correctly reassembled and help identify any lost packets during transmission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A connectionless transport layer treats each packet independently, while a connection-oriented transport layer establishes a connection before data transfer begins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The transport layer manages flow control by regulating the data transmission rate between sender and receiver to prevent overload.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Error control in the transport layer ensures that messages arrive without damage or duplication, often through retransmission of lost data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The session layer manages dialogues by establishing, controlling, and terminating conversations between applications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Checkpointing allows a process to insert synchronization points in data streams, enabling retransmission from the last known good state if failures occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Full duplex allows simultaneous data transmission in both directions, while half duplex permits transmission in only one direction at a time, impacting communication efficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The session layer manages user authentication through log-on and password validation before establishing a session.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>SMTP is used to transport electronic mail between a source and destination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNS resolves an IP address into a textual address for hosts within a network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TCP is a reliable connection-oriented protocol, while UDP is an unreliable connectionless protocol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The TCP/IP model operates independently, is scalable, and supports a client/server architecture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One design issue is that increasing network sizes can lead to congestion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Addressing ensures that each layer can identify the sender and receivers of messages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Error control is needed to agree on common detection and correction methods, protecting data during transfer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A proper flow control mechanism is needed to manage the rate of data sent by the sender.</p> Signup and view all the answers