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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the Physical Layer in the OSI model?

  • Logical interface between end systems and network
  • Error detection and correction
  • Routing of data between independent networks
  • Defining electrical and mechanical transmission medium (correct)

    • What is the purpose of the Internet / Network protocol Layer (IP Layer)?

  • Providing error detection and correction
  • Routing of data between independent networks (correct)
  • Defining electrical and mechanical transmission medium
  • Providing logical interface between end systems and network

    • What is the main function of the Internet Protocol (IP V4)?

  • Uniquely identifying each device on an IP network layer (correct)
  • Providing logical interface between end systems and network
  • Routing of data between independent networks
  • Error detection and correction

    • What type of addresses can a physical address be?

    <p>Unicast, Multicast or Broadcast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many bits are in a physical address?

    <p>48-bit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What command can be used to check a physical address?

    <p>Ipconfig /all</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of protocols in a network?

    <p>To enable data to flow from one NIC to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of a Peer-to-Peer network?

    <p>All nodes are equal and can use resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ICANN?

    <p>To assign IP addresses and domain names</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a Client-Server network and a Peer-to-Peer network?

    <p>Client-Server networks have dedicated servers, while Peer-to-Peer networks do not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Internet Protocol (IP)?

    <p>To route data packets between networks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the OSI Reference Model?

    <p>To provide a universal framework for developing protocols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using TCP/IP as a protocol?

    <p>It is an open standard protocol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the current version of TCP/IP used in the internet?

    <p>TCP/IP v4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Internet of Things (IoT)?

    <p>To connect all devices to the existing internet infrastructure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)?

    <p>Reliable and connection-oriented</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ICANN in the context of port numbers?

    <p>ICANN controls the allocation of well-known port numbers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the simplified notation of the IP address 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334?

    <p>2001:db8::8a2e:370:7334</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following applications is suitable for the User Datagram Protocol (UDP)?

    <p>Video streaming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between TCP and UDP in terms of error control?

    <p>TCP performs extensive error checking, while UDP performs limited error checking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Internet of Things (IoT)

    • Aims to connect all devices to the existing internet infrastructure
    • Enables devices with sensors to collect and send data to the internet
    • Examples of devices: coffee maker, AC, washing machine, ceiling fan, lights
    • Practical applications: smart homes, smart cities, energy management, environment monitoring, healthcare

    Transport Layer

    • TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): • Reliable (acknowledgement) • Connection-oriented (synchronization) • Full duplex • Error control (error checking with checksum) • Data-recovery features • Used for: e-mail, file sharing, downloading
    • UDP (User Datagram Protocol): • Unreliable (best-effort delivery) • Connectionless (no notification) • Full duplex • Performs very limited error checking • No data-recovery features • Used for: voice streaming, video streaming

    Transport Layer Addressing (Port Numbers)

    • Port numbers controlled by ICANN
    • Well-known ports are permanent and used for specific services

    Network Access Layer

    • Physical Layer: • Defines electrical, mechanical, and transmission medium • Responsible for moving individual bits from one node to the next
    • Datalink Layer: • Provides logical interface between end system and network • Error notification (frames, media access control) • Hop-to-hop addressing • Error detection mechanism (detects damaged or lost frames)

    Physical Addresses (MAC)

    • Burned on the network interface card (NIC)
    • Unique address worldwide
    • 48-bit (6-byte) address written as 12 hexadecimal digits
    • Separated by a colon (:) between each byte
    • Types of physical addresses: unicast, multicast, broadcast

    Internet/Network Protocol Layer (IP Layer)

    • Provides connectivity and path selection between two hosts
    • Routing of data between independent networks
    • Logical addressing using IPv4 and IPv6

    Internet Protocol (IP V4)

    • Uniquely identifies each device on an IP network
    • Low speed
    • Under ISP administrative control
    • Example of a WAN (Wide Area Network) is the Internet

    Internet

    • Defined as a global mesh of interconnected networks
    • No single owner of the Internet
    • Multiple organizations, ISPs, companies, and governments own pieces of Internet infrastructure
    • Organizations involved in Internet governance: ISOC, IETF, ICANN

    Network Models

    • Peer-to-Peer Networks: • No dedicated resources • Easy to work with • All nodes are equal
    • Client-Server Networks: • Dedicated nodes (servers) provide services to other nodes (clients) • Server is more powerful • Examples of servers: mail server, web server, file server, print server

    Protocols

    • Why we need protocols: • To communicate efficiently • To enable data flow from one NIC to another • To control messages and message quantity in the network
    • OSI Reference Model: • Defined by ISO in 1983 • Provides universal concepts for developers • Breaks down the approach into layers

    TCP/IP Protocol Suite

    • Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
    • Open standard protocol
    • Cross-platform (default protocol for modern operating systems)
    • Not tied to one vendor
    • Direct access to the Internet
    • Routable
    • TCP/IP is the internet protocol (currently using v4, with v6 as the next version)

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    Description

    Understanding TCP/IP protocol architecture and the concept of Internet of Things (IoT), which connects devices to the existing internet infrastructure.

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