TCP/IP Model and Data Transmission

TCP/IP Model: A 4-layered model that enables communication over the internet
- Layer 1: Network Access: Defines how devices access the network (e.g., Ethernet, Wi-Fi)
- Layer 2: Internet: Routes data between networks (e.g., IP addresses, routing)
- Layer 3: Transport: Ensures reliable data transfer (e.g., TCP, UDP)
- Layer 4: Application: Supports functions such as email, FTP, and HTTP
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): A connection-oriented protocol that ensures reliable data transfer
- Features: Error detection, correction, and sequencing
IP (Internet Protocol): A connectionless protocol that routes data between networks
- Features: Addressing, routing, and fragmentation

Client-Server Architecture: A model where clients request resources from a central server
- Client: Requests resources and services
- Server: Provides resources and services
Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Architecture: A model where devices act as both clients and servers
- Advantages: Decentralized, improved scalability, and resource sharing
Network Topology: The physical or logical arrangement of devices in a network
- Types: Bus, Star, Ring, Mesh, and Hybrid

Ethernet: A local area network (LAN) technology that uses twisted-pair or fiber-optic cables
- IEEE 802.3: The Ethernet standard that defines the physical and data link layers
Ethernet Standards: Variations of Ethernet with different data transfer rates and cable lengths
- Fast Ethernet (100BASE-T): 100 Mbps, up to 100 meters
- Gigabit Ethernet (1000BASE-T): 1000 Mbps, up to 100 meters
- 10-Gigabit Ethernet (10GBASE-T): 10,000 Mbps, up to 100 meters

Cryptography: The practice of secure communication by transforming plaintext into ciphertext
- Encryption: The process of converting plaintext into ciphertext
- Decryption: The process of converting ciphertext back into plaintext
Types of Cryptography:
- Symmetric-key cryptography: Uses the same key for encryption and decryption
- Asymmetric-key cryptography: Uses a pair of keys for encryption and decryption
Cryptography Algorithms:
- AES (Advanced Encryption Standard): A symmetric-key algorithm
- RSA (Rivest-Shamir-Adleman): An asymmetric-key algorithm

The TCP/IP model is a 4-layered structure that enables communication over the internet
The 4 layers are:
- Network Access: defines how devices access the network (e.g., Ethernet, Wi-Fi)
- Internet: routes data between networks (e.g., IP addresses, routing)
- Transport: ensures reliable data transfer (e.g., TCP, UDP)
- Application: supports functions such as email, FTP, and HTTP
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is a connection-oriented protocol that ensures reliable data transfer
TCP features include error detection, correction, and sequencing
IP (Internet Protocol) is a connectionless protocol that routes data between networks
IP features include addressing, routing, and fragmentation

The Client-Server Architecture is a model where clients request resources from a central server
In the Client-Server Architecture, the client requests resources and services, while the server provides resources and services
The Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Architecture is a model where devices act as both clients and servers
P2P Architecture advantages include decentralization, improved scalability, and resource sharing
Network Topology refers to the physical or logical arrangement of devices in a network
Network Topology types include Bus, Star, Ring, Mesh, and Hybrid

Ethernet is a local area network (LAN) technology that uses twisted-pair or fiber-optic cables
IEEE 802.3 is the Ethernet standard that defines the physical and data link layers
Ethernet Standards variations include:
- Fast Ethernet (100BASE-T): 100 Mbps, up to 100 meters
- Gigabit Ethernet (1000BASE-T): 1000 Mbps, up to 100 meters
- 10-Gigabit Ethernet (10GBASE-T): 10,000 Mbps, up to 100 meters

Cryptography is the practice of secure communication by transforming plaintext into ciphertext
Encryption is the process of converting plaintext into ciphertext
Decryption is the process of converting ciphertext back into plaintext
Types of Cryptography include:
- Symmetric-key cryptography: uses the same key for encryption and decryption
- Asymmetric-key cryptography: uses a pair of keys for encryption and decryption
Cryptography Algorithms include:
- AES (Advanced Encryption Standard): a symmetric-key algorithm
- RSA (Rivest-Shamir-Adleman): an asymmetric-key algorithm