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Questions and Answers

What is the main difference between a tuple and a list in Python?

  • Tuples are mutable, while lists are immutable.
  • Lists can change their content, while tuples cannot. (correct)
  • Tuples use square brackets, while lists use parentheses.
  • Lists are faster than tuples in execution.
  • Which operator has the highest precedence in Python?

  • Parentheses (correct)
  • Multiplication
  • Addition
  • Division
  • Which of the following is a rule for valid variable names in Python?

  • Variable names must start with a letter or underscore. (correct)
  • Variable names can include spaces.
  • Variable names can begin with a digit.
  • Variable names can include any special characters.
  • What is the issue with the expression 0.1 + 0.2 - 0.3 in Python?

    <p>Python's floating point arithmetic can introduce precision errors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do you toggle line numbers in a Jupyter notebook?

    <p>Press <code>ESC</code> then <code>L</code>. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the output of the expression (13 + 5) * 2 in Python?

    <p>26 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In versions prior to Python 2.7, how did Python handle floating-point numbers?

    <p>Displayed up to 17 significant digits. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a free 'no install' option for running Python code?

    <p>Local Anaconda installation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the append() method in a list?

    <p>It adds elements to the end of the list. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do you retrieve the number of times a specific value appears in a list?

    <p>Using the count() method. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method would you use to remove an item at a specific index from a list?

    <p>pop() (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When using the sort() method on a list, what is important to note?

    <p>The sort() method modifies the list in place and returns None. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes dictionaries from lists?

    <p>Dictionaries store objects in key-value pairs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are lists defined in Python?

    <p>Using brackets and commas. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the extend() method do in a list?

    <p>It combines another list or iterable into the current list. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used to reverse the elements of a list?

    <p>reverse() (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary advantage of dynamic typing in Python?

    <p>Faster development time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following illustrates correct string slicing in Python?

    <p>my_string[1:5:2] (A), my_string[0:5:1] (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about variable assignments in Python is true?

    <p>Variable names cannot include special meaning words like 'str'. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be the output of the following code? print('The band for', name, 'is', band, 'out of 10')

    <p>The band for Sarah Fier is 8 out of 10 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reverse index of the first character in the string 'hello'?

    <p>-5 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a valid way to format a string for printing in Python?

    <p>my_name.format('Hello') (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs if you mix single and double quotes incorrectly in a string?

    <p>Python raises a syntax error. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the operation mytax = myincome * tax if myincome is 1000 and tax is 0.2?

    <p>200 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What will happen if you try to add a duplicate value to a set?

    <p>The set will ignore the duplicate and keep unique values. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method can be used to remove an element from a set without raising an error if the element does not exist?

    <p>Discard (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'update' method do in the context of sets?

    <p>It adds elements from another iterable to the set. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can you create a set containing unique characters from the string 'Mississippi'?

    <p>set('Mississippi') (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of reading a file after the cursor has reached the end of the file?

    <p>An empty string will be returned. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly identifies a property of sets?

    <p>Sets can contain mixed data types. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What will the 'readlines' method return when called on a file object?

    <p>A list of all lines in the file. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the outcome of calling the 'pop' method on a set?

    <p>It removes and returns an arbitrary element from the set. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the myfile.seek(0) function?

    <p>To reset the cursor to the beginning of the file (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What will the .readlines() method return?

    <p>A list of all lines in the file (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to use myfile.close() after file operations?

    <p>To prevent errors when trying to delete the file externally (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the mode 'w' signify when opening a file?

    <p>Write only mode, overwriting existing content (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about the with statement in file operations?

    <p>It automatically closes the file after the block is executed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What will happen if you try to open a file that does not exist using mode 'w'?

    <p>Python will create the file. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the mode 'r+' allow you to do?

    <p>Read from and write to the file (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can you retrieve the last character from the string s = 'hello'?

    <p>s[-1] (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic differentiates tuples from lists?

    <p>Tuples are immutable and cannot be changed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used to add a new element to a dictionary?

    <p>Setdefault (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following operations can be performed on a set?

    <p>Add new unique items (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How will the program respond if you attempt to reassign an element in a tuple?

    <p>It will raise an error. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What will the expression d.values() return if d is defined as d={'K1':100,'K2':200,'K3':300}?

    <p>[100, 200, 300] (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the method d.popitem() in a dictionary?

    <p>To return and remove the last inserted key-value pair. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method can be used to find the number of times a specific element appears in a tuple?

    <p>Count (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about sets is true?

    <p>Sets store unique, unordered elements. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Python Installation

    Python can be installed using Anaconda from www.anaconda.com/downloads. Free online options like jupyter.org/try and Google Colab are alternative ways to use Python.

    Jupyter Notebook - Keyboard Shortcuts

    Jupyter Notebook uses keyboard shortcuts for common actions like toggling header or toolbar, and viewing line numbers.

    Python - Adding Line Numbers

    Line numbers in code cells can be added via the Jupyter Notebook menu (View -> Toggle Line Numbers) or by using a keyboard shortcut (ESC then L).

    Python Data Types - Tuples vs. Lists

    Tuples are immutable sequences (cannot be changed after creation) represented with parentheses, while lists are mutable sequences (can be changed) represented with square brackets.

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    Python Numbers - Integers vs Floats

    Python supports integers (whole numbers) and floating-point numbers (numbers with decimals).

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    Floating-Point Arithmetic Limitations

    Due to how computers store floating-point numbers, calculations involving decimals might not always produce precise results, like 0.1 + 0.2 != 0.3.

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    Python Variable Names - Rules

    Python variable names cannot start with a number, contain spaces, or use special symbols like ", /, ?, , (, ), !, @, #, etc. Lowercase names are preferred (PEP 8).

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    Python Order of Precedence

    Python follows a specific order for evaluating mathematical operations (parentheses, exponents, multiplication, division, addition, subtraction).

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    Dynamic Typing

    Python allows variables to hold different data types without explicit declaration.

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    Variable reassignment

    Changing a variable's value to a different data type is allowed in Python.

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    String

    A sequence of characters enclosed in single or double quotes.

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    String Indexing

    Accessing individual characters within a string using their position (index).

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    String Slicing

    Extracting a portion (a "slice") of a string based on starting and ending positions.

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    String Interpolation

    Injecting variable values into strings for printing (displaying).

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    Escape Sequences

    Special characters used to represent non-printable characters or formatting in strings.

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    String Length

    The total number of characters within a string or sequence.

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    List append()

    Adds an element to the end of a list.

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    List count()

    Counts how many times an element appears in a list.

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    List index

    Retrieving elements from a list using their position.

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    List slicing

    Selecting a portion of a list by its range of indices.

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    List vs Dictionary

    Lists store objects in order; Dictionaries use key-value pairs for faster retrieval.

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    Dictionary key-value

    A way to store objects in dictionaries—using unique keys to identify each object’s value.

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    Dictionaries

    Unordered data-structures used to store data using key-value pairs.

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    Nested Lists

    Lists containing other lists.

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    What are Lists in Python?

    Lists are ordered collections of items that can be indexed, sliced, and modified. They use square brackets [ ] to enclose elements.

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    What makes Lists unique?

    Lists are mutable, meaning their elements can be changed or modified after they're created.

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    Dictionaries in Python

    Dictionaries are unordered collections of key-value pairs. Keys are unique and can be used to access the corresponding value.

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    Accessing values in a Dictionary

    You can access the value associated with a key using square brackets [ ] and the key name, like my_dict['Key1'].

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    Tuples in Python

    Tuples are ordered, immutable collections of items enclosed in parentheses ( ). They are similar to lists but cannot be changed after creation.

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    Tuple Immutability

    Once elements are inside a tuple, they cannot be reassigned. This ensures data integrity in situations where you need a constant sequence.

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    Sets in Python

    Sets are unordered collections of unique elements. They are used to store multiple items without duplicates, and are represented by curly braces { }.

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    Set Mutability

    Sets are mutable, allowing you to add or remove elements after creation. However, the elements themselves are immutable.

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    Reset File Cursor

    Move the file's reading position back to the beginning. This allows you to read the entire file again from the start.

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    Read Entire File

    Read the entire contents of a file into a list, where each line is an element in the list.

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    Read Single Line

    Read only the next line from a file, returning the line as a string.

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    Open File From Any Location

    Use the full path of the file to open it regardless of where your Python script is located.

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    Close File

    Release the file, allowing other programs to access it, and preventing errors.

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    Open File with 'with' Statement

    A safer way to open a file. It automatically closes the file when finished, even if errors occur.

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    File Modes

    Different ways to open a file, specifying how you'll interact with it (read, write, append, etc.).

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    File Mode 'w' (write)

    Opens a file for writing. If the file doesn't exist, it's created. Existing content is overwritten.

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    How do you create a set?

    Sets are created using curly braces {} and elements are separated by commas. For example, {1, 2, 3} creates a set with elements 1, 2, and 3.

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    What is add() for sets?

    The 'add()' method is used to add an element to a set.

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    What is remove() for sets?

    The 'remove()' method is used to remove an element from a set. If the element doesn't exist, it will raise an error.

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    What is a boolean?

    A boolean represents a truth value, either True or False, and is used to represent logical statements.

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    What is the purpose of 'open()' for files?

    The 'open()' function is used to open a file in Python. It takes the file name as an argument and returns a file object that can be used to read or write data to the file.

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    What is the purpose of 'read()' for files?

    The 'read()' method is used to read the entire contents of a file into a string.

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    What is the purpose of 'readline()' for files?

    The 'readline()' method is used to read a single line from a file. It returns the line as a string, including the newline character at the end.

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    Study Notes

    Python Installation

    • Download Anaconda from www.anaconda.com/downloads
    • Free "No Install" options are available:
      • jupyter.org/try
      • Google Colab Online Notebooks
    • Using free "No Install" options may present challenges in uploading user code, data, or notebooks
    • File saving may not be possible in free versions

    Jupyter Notebook

    • Keyboard shortcuts are available through the Help menu
    • Toggle header and toolbar can be accessed through the View menu

    Add Number to Cells

    • Use the menu, view, then toggle line number.
    • Use the keyboard shortcut or press ESC then L.

    Basic Data Types

    • Integers: Whole numbers (e.g., 3, 300, 200) - int type
    • Floating-point: Numbers with a decimal point (e.g., 2.3, 4.6, 100.0) - float type
    • Strings: Ordered sequence of characters (e.g., "hello", 'Sammy', "2000"), or even emojis - str type
    • Lists: Ordered sequence of objects (e.g., [10,"hello",200.3]) - list type
    • Dictionaries: Unordered key-value pairs (e.g., {"mykey":"value","name": "Frankie"}) - dict type
    • Tuples: Ordered immutable sequence of objects (e.g., (10,"hello",200.3)) - tup type
    • Sets: Unordered collection of unique objects (e.g., {"a","b"}) - set type
    • Booleans: Logical values indicating True or False - bool type

    Example Data Types

    • a=10, type is int
    • b=10.5, type is float
    • c="adel", type is str
    • d=[10,20.5,"adel"], type is list
    • e={"K1":"vaue1", "k2": "Value2"}, type is dict
    • f=(10,20.5,"adel"), type is tuple
    • s={"a","b",10,20.5}, type is set

    Order of Precedence in Python

    • Parentheses, Exponential (exp), Multiplication, Division, Addition, Subtraction
    • Multiple variable assignments in one line (e.g., a, b, c = 10, 20, 30)

    Basic Data Types: Tuples and Lists

    • Tuples: Ordered, immutable sequences. Once an element is in a tuple, it cannot be changed or reassigned. Uses parentheses (e.g., (1,2,3)).
    • Lists: Ordered, mutable sequences. Elements can be changed. Uses square brackets (e.g., [1,2,3]).

    Basic Data Types: Numbers

    • Integers: Whole numbers (e.g., 3, 100)
    • Floating-point: Numbers with decimal points (e.g., 3.14, 10.0)

    Floating Point Arithmetic Issues

    • Python's floating-point representation has limitations leading to inaccuracies in calculations involving decimal values (e.g., 0.1 + 0.2 ≠ 0.3).

    Variable Assignments

    • Variable names cannot start with numbers or contain spaces. Use underscores to separate words in variable names (e.g., my_dogs).
    • Variables should typically be lowercase.
    • Avoid Python keywords like list and str as variable names.
    • Python uses dynamic typing, meaning you can reassign a variable to a different data type.

    Variable Assignments: Example Usage

    • myincome = 1000
    • tax = 0.2
    • mytax = myincome * tax
    • print("The band for", name, "is", band, "out of", 10)

    Strings: Basic Concepts

    • Strings are sequences of characters. Enclose strings in either single ('...') or double ("...") quotes.
    • Indexing: Access individual characters (e.g., s[0] for the first character)
    • Slicing: Extract subsets of characters (e.g., s[1:4] to get characters from index 1 to 3)

    Strings: Example Indices

    • Characters: h -> e -> l -> l -> o
    • Indices: 0 -> 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4
    • Reverse Indices: -5 -> -4 -> -3 -> -2 -> -1

    Strings: Escape Sequences

    • '\n' (newline character) - starts a new line in a string print operation
    • '\t' (tab character) - provides indentation in print operations

    String Formatting

    • String interpolation, using print("Hello" + my_name), helps display data in strings.

    String Indexing and Slicing: Summary

    • Indexing grabs a single character.
    • Slicing extracts a subsection of a string (e.g., slice[start:end:step]).

    String Operations: Mutability

    • Strings are immutable. Attempts to assign a new value to a single index in a string will result in an error.

    String Operations: Concatenation

    • The "+" operator can be used to concatenate strings (e.g., 'Hello' + ' ' + 'World!')

    String Operations: Functions

    • Use x.split('character') to split a string based on a specific character

    String Operations: Immutability

    • Strings are immutable (cannot be changed after creation).

    String Formatting for Printing

    • Use format() method and f-strings:
      • {variable} in format strings
      • f'{variable}' in f-strings

    List Methods

    • append(): Adds an element to the end of a list.
    • insert(): Inserts an element at a specific index.
    • pop(): Removes and returns the item at a specific index (or the last item if no index is given).
    • remove(): Removes the first occurrence of a specific item.
    • sort(): Sorts a list in place. sorted(mylist) sorts a list and returns a new sorted list, without modifying the original.
    • extend(): Add multiple items to the end of a list.
    • reverse(): Reverses a list.

    Dictionaries: Basic Concepts

    • Dictionaries are unordered collections of key-value pairs.
    • Use curly braces {} to define dictionaries, with keys and values separated by colons.

    Dictionary Operations

    • Access values by their keys: my_dict['key1']
    • Adding new key-value pair: d['K4'] = 400
    • Modifying an existing value: d['K3'] = 5000
    • Iterating over keys/values: for k, v in my_dict.items():
    • keys(), values(), items() methods return views.

    Tuples: Summary

    • Tuples are similar to lists but are immutable. Values inside tuples cannot be changed. Use parenthesis (()).

    Sets: Basic Concepts

    • Sets are unordered collections of unique elements.
    • Use curly braces {} to create sets or use the set() constructor to create a set from a list.

    Set Methods

    • add(): Adds an item to the set. If the item already exists, it's ignored.
    • remove(): Removes the specific item, resulting in an error if the item doesn't exist.
    • pop(): Removes and returns an arbitrary item from the set.
    • discard(): Removes the specific item if it exists. Otherwise, it does nothing. No error if the item doesn't exist.

    Boolean: Summary

    • Booleans represent truth values (True or False).

    Math Operations

    • import math
    • math.pow(10, 2) calculates 10 raised to the power of 2 (10 squared)

    Files

    • I/O (Input/Output): Reading and writing to files in python.
    • Modes:
      • read only ('r') - open only to read from the file
      • write only ('w') - overwrite the file or create a new one
      • append ('a') - add to the file, without overwriting existing content
      • reading and writing ('r+') - open to modify existing file
      • writing and reading ('w+') - overwrite the file but read from file
    • Using .read() to read the entire file content
    • Using .readline() to read a single line from a file.
    • Using .readlines() read all lines (from file) into a list
    • Using .seek(0) to reset the cursor to the beginning of the file.
    • with statement:
      • A useful way for opening and closing files, ensuring the file is always closed, and avoiding potential errors.

    Assessment Test: Examples

    • Strings: Find the square root of 100, reverse and print the string 'hello'.
    • Lists: Build a list of three zeroes in two different ways, reassign a nested list element.
    • Dictionaries: Access nested dictionary values.
    • Tuples: Explain the difference between tuples and lists.
    • Sets: Remove duplicates, Explain about set method and what they can do.
    • Booleans: Explain boolean operators.

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