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Questions and Answers
What are the four basic functions of proteins in living organisms?
What are the four basic functions of proteins in living organisms?
What are the four levels of protein structure?
What are the four levels of protein structure?
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary
What do proteases break down?
What do proteases break down?
Proteins
What does Casein Protease utilize as a substrate?
What does Casein Protease utilize as a substrate?
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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Casein is a soluble protein.
Casein is a soluble protein.
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What kind of bacteria produces cheese?
What kind of bacteria produces cheese?
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The process of cheese production involves the formation of ______ which are the solid, coagulated part of milk.
The process of cheese production involves the formation of ______ which are the solid, coagulated part of milk.
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Whey is a byproduct of cheese production.
Whey is a byproduct of cheese production.
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The presence of casein protease in a microbe can be identified by a clear zone around the microbial growth on a casein agar plate.
The presence of casein protease in a microbe can be identified by a clear zone around the microbial growth on a casein agar plate.
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Study Notes
Learning Objectives
- List and describe the four basic functions of proteins in living organisms.
- Differentiate between the four levels of complexity of protein structure.
- Explain the importance of proteases in microbial metabolism.
- Explain the biochemistry involved in the utilization of casein by casein protease.
- Investigate the utilization of casein by the environmental isolate.
- Interpret the results found on the casein agar plates.
Introduction
- Studying an organism's structure, growth characteristics, and susceptibility to chemotherapeutics leads to studying biochemical or metabolic characteristics.
- Each organism adapts to its niche, including the development of physical structures and metabolic adaptations for nutrient utilization.
- This exercise studies biochemical adaptations of microorganisms, aiding in identifying unknown microbes.
- Microbes can be classified based on carbon source (heterotrophs or autotrophs) and energy source (organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or sunlight).
- Environmental isolates are chemoheterotrophs.
- Proteins are composed of amino acids. Amino acids are joined by peptide bonds.
Proteins
- Proteins have four levels of structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.
- Primary structure is the sequence of amino acids.
- Secondary structure involves interactions between adjacent amino acids (alpha-helices and beta-sheets).
- Tertiary structure is the overall three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide chain.
- Quaternary structure involves multiple polypeptide chains interacting.
- Structural proteins contribute to the organism's structure and cell components.
- Motility proteins aid in movement.
- Enzymes are catalysts that speed up chemical reactions.
- Antibodies are part of the immune response.
Casein Proteases
- Casein is a milk protein, giving milk its white color.
- Casein exists in colloidal molecules called casein micelles, carrying calcium and phosphate.
- Casein is commonly used in food (e.g., coffee whiteners, infant formulas).
- Casein is insoluble but caseinates (casein salts) are soluble.
- Cheese production involves fermentation of lactose by lactic acid bacteria.
- Acidic environment causes casein to coagulate (form curds).
- Whey is the liquid remaining after curds formation.
- Secondary fermentation occurs after removing liquid from curds.
Casein Agar Plates
- Creamy, opaque plates result from adding milk to agar.
- The presence of a casein protease (degrading casein) produces a clear zone around microbial growth on agar.
- If no protein digestion occurs, the medium around the growth remains cloudy.
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