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Questions and Answers
What defines a prokaryotic species?
What defines a prokaryotic species?
Which of the following characteristics is unique to the kingdom Animalia?
Which of the following characteristics is unique to the kingdom Animalia?
How are fungi classified?
How are fungi classified?
What method is NOT typically used to identify bacteria?
What method is NOT typically used to identify bacteria?
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What is a viral species defined by?
What is a viral species defined by?
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Which classification method involves DNA fingerprinting and PCR?
Which classification method involves DNA fingerprinting and PCR?
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What is the role of Bergey's Manual?
What is the role of Bergey's Manual?
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What distinguishes strains within a clone?
What distinguishes strains within a clone?
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What does a greater degree of hybridization between DNA strands indicate?
What does a greater degree of hybridization between DNA strands indicate?
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Which method is used to amplify small DNA samples?
Which method is used to amplify small DNA samples?
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Which technique uses fluorescent probes to determine the identity of microorganisms?
Which technique uses fluorescent probes to determine the identity of microorganisms?
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In DNA base composition, what must the sum of Guanine and Cytosine percent be equal to?
In DNA base composition, what must the sum of Guanine and Cytosine percent be equal to?
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What does nucleic acid hybridization measure?
What does nucleic acid hybridization measure?
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What indicates that two organisms belong to the same species based on hybridization?
What indicates that two organisms belong to the same species based on hybridization?
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DNA chips are used primarily for what purpose?
DNA chips are used primarily for what purpose?
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What technique compares the number and sizes of DNA fragments from restriction enzyme digests?
What technique compares the number and sizes of DNA fragments from restriction enzyme digests?
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Which test is commonly used to differentiate between bacterial species and strains?
Which test is commonly used to differentiate between bacterial species and strains?
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What characteristic is not useful in identifying bacteria without cell walls?
What characteristic is not useful in identifying bacteria without cell walls?
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Which method allows the identification of a bacterium by observing its specific antibodies?
Which method allows the identification of a bacterium by observing its specific antibodies?
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Which test involves the use of known antibodies to identify an unknown bacterium?
Which test involves the use of known antibodies to identify an unknown bacterium?
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What is the primary function of rapid identification methods in microbiology?
What is the primary function of rapid identification methods in microbiology?
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What does phage typing determine regarding a bacterium?
What does phage typing determine regarding a bacterium?
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Which method is primarily used to confirm the presence of HIV infection?
Which method is primarily used to confirm the presence of HIV infection?
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Which classification method primarily uses morphological characteristics for identifying microorganisms?
Which classification method primarily uses morphological characteristics for identifying microorganisms?
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What is taxonomy primarily concerned with?
What is taxonomy primarily concerned with?
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Who proposed the five-kingdom system of classification?
Who proposed the five-kingdom system of classification?
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What did Woese's three-domain system classify organisms based on?
What did Woese's three-domain system classify organisms based on?
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Which of the following is NOT part of the Domain Eukarya?
Which of the following is NOT part of the Domain Eukarya?
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How are the Domains Bacteria and Archaea classified?
How are the Domains Bacteria and Archaea classified?
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What characteristic is common among all organisms according to the concept of evolution?
What characteristic is common among all organisms according to the concept of evolution?
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Which of the following groups includes methanogens?
Which of the following groups includes methanogens?
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Which of the following statements about prokaryotes is true?
Which of the following statements about prokaryotes is true?
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What is the origin of Eukaryotes according to the described evolution?
What is the origin of Eukaryotes according to the described evolution?
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Which of the following does NOT serve as a method for grouping organisms in a phylogenetic tree?
Which of the following does NOT serve as a method for grouping organisms in a phylogenetic tree?
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What is the purpose of binomial nomenclature?
What is the purpose of binomial nomenclature?
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Which of the following statements about stromatolites is true?
Which of the following statements about stromatolites is true?
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How do accumulated mutations in genomes function within a phylogenetic context?
How do accumulated mutations in genomes function within a phylogenetic context?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of eukaryotic species?
Which of the following is a characteristic of eukaryotic species?
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What fundamental taxonomic subdivision was developed by Linnaeus?
What fundamental taxonomic subdivision was developed by Linnaeus?
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What role do cyanobacteria play in the history of life on Earth?
What role do cyanobacteria play in the history of life on Earth?
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Study Notes
Taxonomy and Phylogeny
- Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms, showing their similarities.
- Systematics (phylogeny) studies the evolutionary history of organisms.
- Carolus Linnaeus (1735) established kingdoms Plantae and Animalia.
- In the 1800s, bacteria and fungi were placed in Plantae, and Protista was proposed for bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi.
- Prokaryote was introduced in 1937 to distinguish cells without a nucleus.
- Murray (1968) proposed kingdom Prokaryotae.
- Whittaker (1969) created a five-kingdom system: Prokaryotae (Monera), Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia.
Three-Domain System
- Developed by Woese in 1978 based on rRNA nucleotide sequences.
- Domains: Eukarya (animals, plants, fungi), Bacteria, and Archaea.
- Archaea include methanogens, extreme halophiles, and hyperthermophiles.
Characteristics of Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya
- Eukarya evolved from prokaryotic plasma membrane infoldings.
- Endosymbiotic bacteria developed into organelles (e.g., mitochondria, chloroplasts).
Phylogenetic Tree
- Groups organisms based on shared properties like fossils and genomes.
- Mutations in genomes act as a molecular clock.
- Organisms share characteristics with their common ancestor.
Scientific Nomenclature
- Binomial nomenclature is used to name organisms: genus and specific epithet (species).
- A taxonomic hierarchy (Linnaeus) classifies organisms into a series of subdivisions.
- Eukaryotic species: organisms that breed among themselves.
Classification of Prokaryotes
- Prokaryotic species: cells with similar characteristics.
- Culture: bacteria grown in lab media.
- Clone: cells derived from a single parent cell.
- Strain: genetically different cells within a clone.
Classification of Eukaryotes
- Protista: diverse organisms, autotrophic and heterotrophic, grouped into clades based on rRNA.
- Fungi: chemoheterotrophic, unicellular or multicellular, chitin cell walls, develop from spores or hyphal fragments.
- Plantae: multicellular, cellulose cell walls, photosynthetic.
- Animalia: multicellular, no cell walls, chemoheterotrophic.
Classification of Viruses
- Not part of any domain, not cellular, require a host cell.
- Viral species: viruses with similar characteristics and an ecological niche.
Methods of Classifying and Identifying Microorganisms
- Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology helps identify bacteria and archaea.
- Morphological characteristics (useful for eukaryotes) offer limited phylogenetic information.
- Differential staining (e.g., Gram staining, acid-fast staining) is not useful for bacteria without cell walls.
- Biochemical tests determine the presence of bacterial enzymes.
- Rapid identification methods perform multiple biochemical tests simultaneously.
Serological Tests
- Study serum and immune responses (antibodies).
- Microorganisms are antigenic - they trigger antibody production.
- Antiserum contains antibodies against a specific bacterium.
- Agglutination tests: bacteria clump together when mixed with corresponding antibodies.
- ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) identifies bacteria using known antibodies.
- Western Blot: identifies antibodies in patient serum, used for confirming HIV and Lyme disease.
Phage Typing
- Determines which phages (viruses) a bacterium is susceptible to.
- Clearings (plaques) on a plate indicate phage infection and bacterial lysis.
DNA Analysis
- DNA base composition (% Guanine + Cytosine).
- DNA Sequencing: closely related organisms have similar base compositions.
- DNA fingerprinting: compares DNA fragment sizes after restriction enzyme digestion.
- PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) amplifies small DNA samples for analysis.
Nucleic Acid Hybridization
- Measures the ability of DNA from one organism to hybridize with DNA from another.
- Higher hybridization indicates greater relatedness.
- Hybridization above 70% suggests the same species.
- Techniques include Southern blotting, DNA chips, and FISH (fluorescent in situ hybridization).
Ribotyping and FISH
- Ribotyping: rRNA sequencing.
- FISH: fluorescent probes stain specific microorganisms, determining identity, abundance, and activity in an environment.
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Description
This quiz tests your knowledge on the principles of taxonomy and phylogeny, including the classification systems developed by notable scientists like Linnaeus and Woese. Delve into the characteristics of Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya, and understand the implications of these classifications in biology.
