Taxonomy and Phylogeny Overview
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Taxonomy and Phylogeny Overview

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What defines a prokaryotic species?

  • A population of cells with similar characteristics. (correct)
  • A single cell type that reproduces asexually.
  • A population of genetically identical cells.
  • A group of cells sharing the same habitat.

    • Which of the following characteristics is unique to the kingdom Animalia?

  • Chitin cell walls.
  • No cell walls. (correct)
  • Photosynthesis.
  • Chemoheterotrophy.

    • How are fungi classified?

  • As autotrophic multicellular organisms.
  • Based solely on their spore types.
  • By their chitinous cell walls. (correct)
  • As photosynthetic organisms.

    • What method is NOT typically used to identify bacteria?

    <p>Clinical observation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a viral species defined by?

    <p>A population of viruses with similar characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification method involves DNA fingerprinting and PCR?

    <p>Molecular classification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Bergey's Manual?

    <p>It provides lists of characteristics for known organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes strains within a clone?

    <p>They are genetically different cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a greater degree of hybridization between DNA strands indicate?

    <p>Higher genetic relatedness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used to amplify small DNA samples?

    <p>Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique uses fluorescent probes to determine the identity of microorganisms?

    <p>Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In DNA base composition, what must the sum of Guanine and Cytosine percent be equal to?

    <p>100%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does nucleic acid hybridization measure?

    <p>Ability of DNA strands to hybridize with each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates that two organisms belong to the same species based on hybridization?

    <p>Greater than 70% hybridization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA chips are used primarily for what purpose?

    <p>To detect pathogens by hybridization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique compares the number and sizes of DNA fragments from restriction enzyme digests?

    <p>Electrophoresis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is commonly used to differentiate between bacterial species and strains?

    <p>Serological testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is not useful in identifying bacteria without cell walls?

    <p>Gram staining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method allows the identification of a bacterium by observing its specific antibodies?

    <p>Slide agglutination test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test involves the use of known antibodies to identify an unknown bacterium?

    <p>Serological testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of rapid identification methods in microbiology?

    <p>To perform multiple biochemical tests at once</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does phage typing determine regarding a bacterium?

    <p>The specific phages to which it is susceptible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is primarily used to confirm the presence of HIV infection?

    <p>Western Blot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification method primarily uses morphological characteristics for identifying microorganisms?

    <p>Morphological classification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is taxonomy primarily concerned with?

    <p>The classification of organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who proposed the five-kingdom system of classification?

    <p>Whittaker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Woese's three-domain system classify organisms based on?

    <p>Sequences of nucleotides in rRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT part of the Domain Eukarya?

    <p>Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the Domains Bacteria and Archaea classified?

    <p>As prokaryotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is common among all organisms according to the concept of evolution?

    <p>All evolved from cells that formed over 3 billion years ago</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following groups includes methanogens?

    <p>Archaea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about prokaryotes is true?

    <p>They lack membrane-bound organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of Eukaryotes according to the described evolution?

    <p>From infoldings of prokaryotic plasma membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT serve as a method for grouping organisms in a phylogenetic tree?

    <p>Physical appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of binomial nomenclature?

    <p>To consistently and accurately name organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about stromatolites is true?

    <p>They are the oldest known fossils and formed from colonial cyanobacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do accumulated mutations in genomes function within a phylogenetic context?

    <p>They act as a molecular clock to estimate evolutionary time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of eukaryotic species?

    <p>They are groups of closely related organisms that can breed among themselves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What fundamental taxonomic subdivision was developed by Linnaeus?

    <p>The taxonomic hierarchy for classifying organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do cyanobacteria play in the history of life on Earth?

    <p>They contributed to the formation of stromatolites over billions of years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Taxonomy and Phylogeny

    • Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms, showing their similarities.
    • Systematics (phylogeny) studies the evolutionary history of organisms.
    • Carolus Linnaeus (1735) established kingdoms Plantae and Animalia.
    • In the 1800s, bacteria and fungi were placed in Plantae, and Protista was proposed for bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi.
    • Prokaryote was introduced in 1937 to distinguish cells without a nucleus.
    • Murray (1968) proposed kingdom Prokaryotae.
    • Whittaker (1969) created a five-kingdom system: Prokaryotae (Monera), Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia.

    Three-Domain System

    • Developed by Woese in 1978 based on rRNA nucleotide sequences.
    • Domains: Eukarya (animals, plants, fungi), Bacteria, and Archaea.
    • Archaea include methanogens, extreme halophiles, and hyperthermophiles.

    Characteristics of Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya

    • Eukarya evolved from prokaryotic plasma membrane infoldings.
    • Endosymbiotic bacteria developed into organelles (e.g., mitochondria, chloroplasts).

    Phylogenetic Tree

    • Groups organisms based on shared properties like fossils and genomes.
    • Mutations in genomes act as a molecular clock.
    • Organisms share characteristics with their common ancestor.

    Scientific Nomenclature

    • Binomial nomenclature is used to name organisms: genus and specific epithet (species).
    • A taxonomic hierarchy (Linnaeus) classifies organisms into a series of subdivisions.
    • Eukaryotic species: organisms that breed among themselves.

    Classification of Prokaryotes

    • Prokaryotic species: cells with similar characteristics.
    • Culture: bacteria grown in lab media.
    • Clone: cells derived from a single parent cell.
    • Strain: genetically different cells within a clone.

    Classification of Eukaryotes

    • Protista: diverse organisms, autotrophic and heterotrophic, grouped into clades based on rRNA.
    • Fungi: chemoheterotrophic, unicellular or multicellular, chitin cell walls, develop from spores or hyphal fragments.
    • Plantae: multicellular, cellulose cell walls, photosynthetic.
    • Animalia: multicellular, no cell walls, chemoheterotrophic.

    Classification of Viruses

    • Not part of any domain, not cellular, require a host cell.
    • Viral species: viruses with similar characteristics and an ecological niche.

    Methods of Classifying and Identifying Microorganisms

    • Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology helps identify bacteria and archaea.
    • Morphological characteristics (useful for eukaryotes) offer limited phylogenetic information.
    • Differential staining (e.g., Gram staining, acid-fast staining) is not useful for bacteria without cell walls.
    • Biochemical tests determine the presence of bacterial enzymes.
    • Rapid identification methods perform multiple biochemical tests simultaneously.

    Serological Tests

    • Study serum and immune responses (antibodies).
    • Microorganisms are antigenic - they trigger antibody production.
    • Antiserum contains antibodies against a specific bacterium.
    • Agglutination tests: bacteria clump together when mixed with corresponding antibodies.
    • ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) identifies bacteria using known antibodies.
    • Western Blot: identifies antibodies in patient serum, used for confirming HIV and Lyme disease.

    Phage Typing

    • Determines which phages (viruses) a bacterium is susceptible to.
    • Clearings (plaques) on a plate indicate phage infection and bacterial lysis.

    DNA Analysis

    • DNA base composition (% Guanine + Cytosine).
    • DNA Sequencing: closely related organisms have similar base compositions.
    • DNA fingerprinting: compares DNA fragment sizes after restriction enzyme digestion.
    • PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) amplifies small DNA samples for analysis.

    Nucleic Acid Hybridization

    • Measures the ability of DNA from one organism to hybridize with DNA from another.
    • Higher hybridization indicates greater relatedness.
    • Hybridization above 70% suggests the same species.
    • Techniques include Southern blotting, DNA chips, and FISH (fluorescent in situ hybridization).

    Ribotyping and FISH

    • Ribotyping: rRNA sequencing.
    • FISH: fluorescent probes stain specific microorganisms, determining identity, abundance, and activity in an environment.

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    Description

    This quiz tests your knowledge on the principles of taxonomy and phylogeny, including the classification systems developed by notable scientists like Linnaeus and Woese. Delve into the characteristics of Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya, and understand the implications of these classifications in biology.

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