Questions and Answers
What is the capital of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu?
Who is the de facto chief executive of Tamil Nadu?
What is the term of the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu?
What is the role of the Governor in Tamil Nadu?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens when there is a successful vote of no confidence in the government?
Signup and view all the answers
Who is the head of the judiciary in Tamil Nadu?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the current structure of the legislature in Tamil Nadu?
Signup and view all the answers
Who appoints the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the only established medical therapy using stem cells as of 2016?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the controversy surrounding the isolation of human embryonic stem cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of somatic cell nuclear transfer in stem cell therapy?
Signup and view all the answers
Who discovered a method to convert mature body cells back into stem cells in 2006?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for stem cells that can be converted from mature body cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary characteristic of stem cells that distinguishes them from progenitor cells?
Signup and view all the answers
At what stage of embryonic development do stem cells have the capability to differentiate into all of the body's cell types?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for stem cells that are isolated and cultured in vitro and can be kept in the stem-cell stage?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main function of adult stem cells in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of stem cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Where are adult stem cells typically found in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for the process by which stem cells differentiate into the three germ layers?
Signup and view all the answers
Who are the Canadian biologists credited with the discovery of stem cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Government of Tamil Nadu
- The administrative body responsible for the governance of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu is the Government of Tamil Nadu.
- Chennai is the capital of Tamil Nadu and houses the state executive, legislature, and head of judiciary.
Executive Authority
- De jure executive authority lies with the governor, but this authority is exercised only by, or on the advice of, the chief minister and the cabinet.
- The governor is the de jure constitutional head of state, while the Chief Minister is the de facto chief executive.
- The governor is appointed by the President of India.
Government Formation
- Following elections to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, the state's governor usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the government.
- The governor appoints the chief minister, whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly.
Legislative Assembly
- Legislative assembly elections are held every five years to elect a new assembly, unless there is a successful vote of no confidence in the government or a two-thirds vote for a snap election in the assembly.
- The legislature of Tamil Nadu was bicameral until 1986, when it was replaced by a unicameral legislature.
Judiciary
- The judiciary branch is led by a High Court (Madras High Court) led by a Chief Justice.
- The current Chief Justice is S.V.Gangapurwala.
Current Administrative Officials
- The current Governor of Tamil Nadu is R.N.Ravi.
- The current Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu is M.K.Stalin.
Stem Cell Characteristics
- Undifferentiated or partially differentiated cells that can change into various types of cells
- Can proliferate indefinitely to produce more of the same stem cell
- Found in both embryonic and adult organisms, but with slightly different properties in each
Embryonic Stem Cells
- Found in the inner cell mass during the blastocyst stage of embryonic development (around days 5-14)
- Roughly 50 to 150 cells make up the inner cell mass
- Can differentiate into all of the body's cell types (pluripotent)
- In vitro, they can be kept in the stem-cell stage and are known as embryonic stem cells (ESCs)
Adult Stem Cells
- Found in a few select locations in the body (niches), such as bone marrow or gonads
- Exist to replenish rapidly lost cell types
- Multipotent or unipotent, meaning they only differentiate into a few cell types or one type of cell
- Examples include hematopoietic stem cells, basal cells, and mesenchymal stem cells
Research and Development
- Research into stem cells began with findings by Canadian biologists in the 1960s
- As of 2016, the only established medical therapy using stem cells is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
- Since 1998, it has been possible to culture and differentiate human embryonic stem cells (in stem-cell lines)
- Somatic cell nuclear transfer is a cloning method that can be used to create a cloned embryo for the use of its embryonic stem cells
- In 2006, a method to convert mature body cells back into stem cells (induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs) was discovered
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Learn about the government of Tamil Nadu, its administrative structure, and the roles of the governor, chief minister, and cabinet.
