Tamil Nadu Government and Administration
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Questions and Answers

What is the capital of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu?

  • Madras
  • India
  • Chennai (correct)
  • Tamil Nadu

    • Who is the de facto chief executive of Tamil Nadu?

  • The President of India
  • The Chief Justice
  • The Governor
  • The Chief Minister (correct)

    • What is the term of the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu?

  • Five years with no term limits (correct)
  • Unlimited terms
  • Five years with term limits
  • Two years with term limits

    • What is the role of the Governor in Tamil Nadu?

    <p>The de jure constitutional head of state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when there is a successful vote of no confidence in the government?

    <p>A new election is held</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is the head of the judiciary in Tamil Nadu?

    <p>The Chief Justice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the current structure of the legislature in Tamil Nadu?

    <p>Unicameral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who appoints the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu?

    <p>The Governor of Tamil Nadu</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the only established medical therapy using stem cells as of 2016?

    <p>Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the controversy surrounding the isolation of human embryonic stem cells?

    <p>The destruction of the embryo during the isolation process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of somatic cell nuclear transfer in stem cell therapy?

    <p>To create a cloned embryo for embryonic stem cell isolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who discovered a method to convert mature body cells back into stem cells in 2006?

    <p>Shinya Yamanaka</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for stem cells that can be converted from mature body cells?

    <p>Induced pluripotent stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of stem cells that distinguishes them from progenitor cells?

    <p>Their ability to divide indefinitely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage of embryonic development do stem cells have the capability to differentiate into all of the body's cell types?

    <p>Blastocyst stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for stem cells that are isolated and cultured in vitro and can be kept in the stem-cell stage?

    <p>Embryonic stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of adult stem cells in the body?

    <p>To replenish rapidly lost cell types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of stem cells?

    <p>Ability to only differentiate into one cell type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are adult stem cells typically found in the body?

    <p>In the bone marrow or gonads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which stem cells differentiate into the three germ layers?

    <p>Gastrulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who are the Canadian biologists credited with the discovery of stem cells?

    <p>Ernest McCulloch, James Till, and Andrew J. Becker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Government of Tamil Nadu

    • The administrative body responsible for the governance of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu is the Government of Tamil Nadu.
    • Chennai is the capital of Tamil Nadu and houses the state executive, legislature, and head of judiciary.

    Executive Authority

    • De jure executive authority lies with the governor, but this authority is exercised only by, or on the advice of, the chief minister and the cabinet.
    • The governor is the de jure constitutional head of state, while the Chief Minister is the de facto chief executive.
    • The governor is appointed by the President of India.

    Government Formation

    • Following elections to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, the state's governor usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the government.
    • The governor appoints the chief minister, whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly.

    Legislative Assembly

    • Legislative assembly elections are held every five years to elect a new assembly, unless there is a successful vote of no confidence in the government or a two-thirds vote for a snap election in the assembly.
    • The legislature of Tamil Nadu was bicameral until 1986, when it was replaced by a unicameral legislature.

    Judiciary

    • The judiciary branch is led by a High Court (Madras High Court) led by a Chief Justice.
    • The current Chief Justice is S.V.Gangapurwala.

    Current Administrative Officials

    • The current Governor of Tamil Nadu is R.N.Ravi.
    • The current Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu is M.K.Stalin.

    Stem Cell Characteristics

    • Undifferentiated or partially differentiated cells that can change into various types of cells
    • Can proliferate indefinitely to produce more of the same stem cell
    • Found in both embryonic and adult organisms, but with slightly different properties in each

    Embryonic Stem Cells

    • Found in the inner cell mass during the blastocyst stage of embryonic development (around days 5-14)
    • Roughly 50 to 150 cells make up the inner cell mass
    • Can differentiate into all of the body's cell types (pluripotent)
    • In vitro, they can be kept in the stem-cell stage and are known as embryonic stem cells (ESCs)

    Adult Stem Cells

    • Found in a few select locations in the body (niches), such as bone marrow or gonads
    • Exist to replenish rapidly lost cell types
    • Multipotent or unipotent, meaning they only differentiate into a few cell types or one type of cell
    • Examples include hematopoietic stem cells, basal cells, and mesenchymal stem cells

    Research and Development

    • Research into stem cells began with findings by Canadian biologists in the 1960s
    • As of 2016, the only established medical therapy using stem cells is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
    • Since 1998, it has been possible to culture and differentiate human embryonic stem cells (in stem-cell lines)
    • Somatic cell nuclear transfer is a cloning method that can be used to create a cloned embryo for the use of its embryonic stem cells
    • In 2006, a method to convert mature body cells back into stem cells (induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs) was discovered

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    Learn about the government of Tamil Nadu, its administrative structure, and the roles of the governor, chief minister, and cabinet.

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