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Cell Injury, Hemostasis, and Acid-Base Balance

Cell Injury:

• Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of the body.
• Structure of the cell includes plasma membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm.
• Cell injury can occur when exposed to severe stress that disrupts cellular components.
• Types of cell injury include reversible and irreversible, with causes ranging from hypoxia to aging.
• Mechanisms of cell injury include damage to cell membrane, aerobic respiration, synthesis of enzymes, and genetic apparatus.
• Free radicals can also cause cell damage, leading to lipid oxidation, protein oxidation, and DNA damage.
• Types of necrosis include coagulative, liquifaction, caseous, fat, and fibrinoid.
• Apoptosis is programmed cell death and is important in destroying cells infected with viruses, damaged DNA, or cancer cells.

Hemostasis:

• Hemostasis is the process of keeping blood clot-free and forming clots at the site of injury.
• Factors responsible for hemostasis include vascular endothelium, platelets, clotting factors, and the fibrinolytic system.
• Stages of hemostasis include vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, and coagulation of blood.
• Coagulopathy can occur due to deficiencies in platelets or clotting factors, excessive fibrinolysis, or vessel wall defects.

Acid-Base Balance:

• Normal plasma pH is 7.35-7.45, with acidosis indicating an abnormal low pH and alkalosis indicating an abnormal high pH.
• Buffering is a chemical system that corrects any change in hydrogen ion concentration in case of increased acid or increased base levels in the plasma.
• The three lines of buffering include bicarbonate and non-bicarbonate, hemoglobin, and respiratory and renal acid-base control.
• Four basic types of imbalance include metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis, and respiratory alkalosis.

Cell Injury, Hemostasis, and Acid-Base Balance

Cell Injury:

• Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of the body.
• Structure of the cell includes plasma membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm.
• Cell injury can occur when exposed to severe stress that disrupts cellular components.
• Types of cell injury include reversible and irreversible, with causes ranging from hypoxia to aging.
• Mechanisms of cell injury include damage to cell membrane, aerobic respiration, synthesis of enzymes, and genetic apparatus.
• Free radicals can also cause cell damage, leading to lipid oxidation, protein oxidation, and DNA damage.
• Types of necrosis include coagulative, liquifaction, caseous, fat, and fibrinoid.
• Apoptosis is programmed cell death and is important in destroying cells infected with viruses, damaged DNA, or cancer cells.

Hemostasis:

• Hemostasis is the process of keeping blood clot-free and forming clots at the site of injury.
• Factors responsible for hemostasis include vascular endothelium, platelets, clotting factors, and the fibrinolytic system.
• Stages of hemostasis include vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, and coagulation of blood.
• Coagulopathy can occur due to deficiencies in platelets or clotting factors, excessive fibrinolysis, or vessel wall defects.

Acid-Base Balance:

• Normal plasma pH is 7.35-7.45, with acidosis indicating an abnormal low pH and alkalosis indicating an abnormal high pH.
• Buffering is a chemical system that corrects any change in hydrogen ion concentration in case of increased acid or increased base levels in the plasma.
• The three lines of buffering include bicarbonate and non-bicarbonate, hemoglobin, and respiratory and renal acid-base control.
• Four basic types of imbalance include metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis, and respiratory alkalosis.

Cell Injury, Hemostasis, and Acid-Base Balance

Cell Injury:

• Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of the body.
• Structure of the cell includes plasma membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm.
• Cell injury can occur when exposed to severe stress that disrupts cellular components.
• Types of cell injury include reversible and irreversible, with causes ranging from hypoxia to aging.
• Mechanisms of cell injury include damage to cell membrane, aerobic respiration, synthesis of enzymes, and genetic apparatus.
• Free radicals can also cause cell damage, leading to lipid oxidation, protein oxidation, and DNA damage.
• Types of necrosis include coagulative, liquifaction, caseous, fat, and fibrinoid.
• Apoptosis is programmed cell death and is important in destroying cells infected with viruses, damaged DNA, or cancer cells.

Hemostasis:

• Hemostasis is the process of keeping blood clot-free and forming clots at the site of injury.
• Factors responsible for hemostasis include vascular endothelium, platelets, clotting factors, and the fibrinolytic system.
• Stages of hemostasis include vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, and coagulation of blood.
• Coagulopathy can occur due to deficiencies in platelets or clotting factors, excessive fibrinolysis, or vessel wall defects.

Acid-Base Balance:

• Normal plasma pH is 7.35-7.45, with acidosis indicating an abnormal low pH and alkalosis indicating an abnormal high pH.
• Buffering is a chemical system that corrects any change in hydrogen ion concentration in case of increased acid or increased base levels in the plasma.
• The three lines of buffering include bicarbonate and non-bicarbonate, hemoglobin, and respiratory and renal acid-base control.
• Four basic types of imbalance include metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis, and respiratory alkalosis.