Taino Tribe Organization and Living
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Questions and Answers

What is anthropology?

  • The science that studies how human cultures and society develop (correct)
  • The study of how calendars are designed
  • The science that orders events according to the date on which they occurred
  • The science that studies ancient societies from their material remains

    • How did the Archaic settlers in the Caribbean travel?

  • Using horses for transportation
  • By canoe (correct)
  • Through underground tunnels
  • By walking long distances

    • Where did the Archaic settlers build their settlements?

  • Far from the sea
  • Deep in the mountains
  • Close to beaches and mangroves (correct)
  • In deserts

    • What is a characteristic of Arawaks' lifestyle?

    <p>Sedentary lifestyle, living in villages and building towns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Archaic settlers primarily use as tools?

    <p>Stones, shells, and bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Arawaks cultivate?

    <p>Corn and tubers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where the Huecoids came from?

    <p>Northeast coast of South America (Andes region)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of people used red and white paint on their pottery?

    <p>Saladoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What agricultural technique involved creating small mounds of soil for planting?

    <p>Montones planting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the name of the residence of the chiefs and their families in Taino villages?

    <p>Caney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who were the healers and those in charge of ceremonies in the Taino society?

    <p>Behique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of people built ceremonial plazas adorned with petroglyphs and pictographs?

    <p>Ostionoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Taino wear as a garment made from gold and cooper?

    <p>Guanin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason we have information about the Tainos?

    <p>Analysis and interpretation by researchers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the central plaza for ceremonies and the ball game in Taino villages called?

    <p>Batey</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group had a social and cultural complex based on family?

    <p>Tainos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who held the most political power and were the warriors in Taino tribes?

    <p>Nitaino</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the indigenous name for Puerto Rico?

    <p>Borikén</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Taíno game of batú, also known as batey, significant for?

    <p>Blending sport and ceremony</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which field of study focuses on studying ancient societies from material remains?

    <p>The study of ancient societies from material remains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does BC stand for in historical dating?

    <p>Before Christ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of food were included in the Taíno diet?

    <p>Papaya, mamey, sweet potato, and yucca</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Taínos not have among the following?

    <p>A writing system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Sedentary' in the context of ancient peoples means:

    <p>They settled permanently in one place</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a guanin?

    <p>A disk worn around the neck by chiefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a batey?

    <p>A central plaza for ceremonies and the ball game</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following did the Taínos cultivate?

    <p>Corn and tubers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Taíno game of batú was played with:

    <p>A solid rubber ball struck with the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group used red and white paint in their pottery?

    <p>Saladoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who were the behique?

    <p>Healers and spiritual leaders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What agricultural technique did the Tainos use to improve soil fertility?

    <p>Slash and burn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group built villages with houses either on the seafront or riverbank?

    <p>Osteonoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Archaic settlers mainly eat?

    <p>Wild fruits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of people did not use paint on their ceramics?

    <p>Huecoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the indigenous name for Puerto Rico according to the text?

    <p>Borikén</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of people came from the Orinoco River in Venezuela and built villages with oval-shaped houses?

    <p>Saladoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of emphasizing the heritage of the Taíno people?

    <p>Preservation for future generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is central to the Taíno game of batú or batey?

    <p>Sport and ceremony</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What materials were used to play the Taíno game of batú or batey?

    <p>Solid rubber ball and bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the implications of the Taíno game of batú on social harmony?

    <p>Ritual and divine messages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a Caney in the Taíno society?

    <p>The residence of the chiefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which field of study focuses on understanding ancient societies through material remains?

    <p>Archeology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary tool did the Taíno use for planting?

    <p>Pointed stick - coa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which goddess in the Taíno belief system was associated with hurricanes?

    <p>Guabancex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of food item was casabe, traditionally made by the Taíno?

    <p>Yucca bread</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were Taíno carved figures known as cemíes believed to represent?

    <p>Deities or spirits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tool did the Taíno use to cook casabe, a traditional yucca bread?

    <p>Clay griddle - buren</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of watercraft did the Taíno craft from tree trunks for travel and trade?

    <p>Canoe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bread did the Taínos make from yucca?

    <p>Casabe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Taínos believe in?

    <p>Multiple gods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of houses did the Taínos live in?

    <p>Round shape houses with conical roofs and no windows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What craft did the Taínos create from tree trunks for travel and trade?

    <p>Boats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the indigenous name for the island of Puerto Rico?

    <p>Borinquen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What discipline studies past events and societies from material remains?

    <p>Archaeology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the Archaic settlers' lifestyle?

    <p>SemiNomadic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which science helps order historical events according to the date on which they occurred?

    <p>Chronology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary source of food for the Archaic settlers in the Caribbean?

    <p>Hunting and fishing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of people in the Caribbean is known to have used stones, shells, and bones as tools?

    <p>Archaics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguished the Arawaks from the Archaic settlers in terms of settlement?

    <p>Building towns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the lifestyle of the Arawaks?

    <p>Leading a sedentary lifestyle in established villages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is chronolgy?

    <p>Science that order events according to date on which occurred.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where did the Saladoid group originate from?

    <p>Orinoco River in Venezuela</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of people in the Caribbean used an elaborated pottery technique with high quality?

    <p>Saladoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a primary food cultivated by the Arawaks?

    <p>Corn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of people from the Northeast coast (Andes region) of South America settled in the Caribbean?

    <p>Huecoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bread did the Arawaks make from yucca?

    <p>Casabe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What agricultural technique did the Ostionoids use to improve soil fertility?

    <p>Slash and burn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Ostionoids primarily plant their crops?

    <p>On terraces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguished the Ostionoids' villages with houses on the seafront or riverbank from those with a central plaza?

    <p>Location near water bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of drawings adorned the ceremonial plazas built by the Ostionoids?

    <p>Petroglyphs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the two types of villages that Ostionoids built?

    <p>Villages with a central plaza surrounded by homes and villages with houses on the seafront or riverbank.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do we know information about the Taínos?

    <p>Researchers analyze artifacts and records, and we have chronicles written by Europeans during the conquest and colonization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some general characteristics of the Taínos?

    <p>They were sedentary, practiced agriculture, had no writing system, and lived in family-based tribes in small villages called yucayeques.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures were found in a Taíno yucayeque?

    <p>A Caney, a batey, and bohíos.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Question: Which of the following best describes the political and social organization of the Taíno yucayeques?

    <p>The cacique was the tribe's chief, who had a special chair called a dujo and wore a guanin; the nitaino held political power and were warriors; the behique were healers and ceremony leaders; and the naboria were workers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best summarizes aspects of the Taíno lifestyle?

    <p>The Taíno ate a variety of foods including root vegetables and fruits, farmed using conucos and a tool called a coa, hunted and fished for food, traveled by canoes, and made casabe on a clay griddle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can you infer about the Taíno beliefs and rituals from the following descriptions?

    <p>Taíno mythology included several gods, such as Yucahú and Atabey, and they used cemíes in their rituals to represent spiritual forces, with ceremonies like areito and cojoba for communal events and spiritual communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does animistic means?

    <p>The belief that all things, living and non-living, possess a spirit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of the areito in Taíno ceremonial practices?

    <p>To engage in singing and dancing during communal events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements reflects the influence of Taíno heritage on modern culture?

    <p>Taíno heritage is evident in modern culture through vocabulary, certain town names, cultural items like the hammock and casabe, and indigenous medicinal knowledge, all of which are important to preserve. T</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about the Taíno game of batú, also known as batey?

    <p>The game of batú involved striking a solid rubber ball with the body, without the use of hands or feet, in a ritual that held cosmological and social significance, often interpreted as divine messages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    History and Its Importance

    • History is the discipline that studies events that happened in the past
    • Three sciences that help us understand history:
      • Archeology: studies ancient societies from material remains (e.g., bone, pottery, building ruins)
      • Anthropology: studies how human cultures and societies develop
      • Chronology: orders events according to date

    The First Inhabitants

    • Archaic people:
      • First settlers in the Caribbean
      • Travelled by canoe
      • Seminomadic (moved from place to place, but had a permanent house)
      • Built settlements close to beaches and mangroves
      • Lived in caves and made houses of stone, wood, and straw
      • Hunted and fished
      • Gathered snails, crustaceans, wild fruits, seeds, and root to eat
      • Used stones, shells, and bones as tools
      • Not sure if they knew agriculture or pottery

    Arawaks and their Lifestyles

    • Came mainly from South America
    • Sedentary (settled permanently in one place)
    • Lived in villages and built towns
    • Agroceramic (knew agriculture and pottery)
    • Cultivated corn and tubers
    • Made casabe (bread of yucca)
    • Belonged to different groups:
      • Huecoids: settled in the Caribbean, came from the northeast coast of South America (Andes Region)
      • Saladoid: came from the Orinoco River in Venezuela, known for their high-quality pottery with red and white paint

    Ostionoids and their Plazas and Agricultural Techniques

    • Also known as Pre-tainos
    • More complex culture
    • Sedentary and agroceramic
    • Built ceremonial plazas with petroglyphs (drawings carved into stone) and pictographs (drawings painted onto stone)
    • Built two types of villages:
      • Central plaza surrounded by homes
      • Village with houses on the seafront or riverbank
    • Used slash and burn technique to improve soil fertility
    • Planted on montones (small mounds of soil) and terraces (steps in hills and mountains to retain moisture)

    Tainos in Puerto Rico

    • Indigenous name for the island: Borikén
    • Did not develop a writing system
    • Information about Tainos comes from analysis and interpretation of researchers and chronicles (documents written by Europeans during conquest and colonization)
    • General characteristics:
      • Sedentary and agroceramic
      • No writing system or calendars
      • Social and cultural complex based on family
      • Organized in tribes (family groups that shared customs, beliefs, and needs)
      • Lived in yucayeques (small villages)
      • Yucayeques consisted of:
        • A Caney (residence of the chiefs and their families)
        • Batey (central plaza for ceremonies and ball game)
        • Bohios (ordinary houses for the rest of the tribe)
    • Political and social organization:
      • Caciques (chiefs of Taino tribes)
      • Matrilineal kinship (succession passed to the first child of the cacique's oldest sister)
      • Used guanin (a disk worn around the neck)
      • Sat in a dujo (special chair used during ceremonies and rituals)
      • Nitaino (most political power and warriors)
      • Behique (healers and spiritual leaders)
      • Naboria (workers)
    • Taino lifestyle:
      • Diet included peppers, tobacco, cotton, peanuts, corn, papaya, pineapple, guava, and root vegetables
      • Emphasized the significance of their heritage

    Batu (Class Discussion)

    • The Taino game of batu, also known as batey
    • Played without using hands or feet
    • Players struck a solid rubber ball with their bodies in a stone-marked court
    • Game was steeped in ritual and had implications for cosmology and social harmony
    • Results were often seen as divine messages

    Chronology

    • Study of arranging events, facts, or data in a temporal sequence
    • Involves assigning dates or time intervals to events, objects, or phenomena
    • Methods:
      • Direct evidence (written records, inscriptions, and historical documents)
      • Indirect methods (radiocarbon dating, dendrochronology, and stratigraphy)
    • Types of chronology:
      • Absolute chronology (identifies specific dates or time intervals)
      • Relative chronology (orders events in relation to one another without associating specific dates)
    • Importance of chronology:
      • Essential for studying history
      • Allows historians to establish a coherent narrative of past events
      • Used in various fields, including archaeology, paleontology, and astronomy
    • Challenges and limitations:
      • Incomplete or ambiguous evidence
      • Calendar conversion
      • Dating techniques (radiometric dating, etc.)### Chronology
    • Chronology is the science of arranging events in their proper sequence of time.
    • It is essential to understanding our past and is used to piece together the events of humanity from the dawn of civilization to the present day.

    From Ancient Megaliths to Modern Calendars

    • Calendars have been used for thousands of years to keep track of passing time.
    • Ancient civilizations, such as the Sumerians, Egyptians, and Maya, used sophisticated methods to record the movement of celestial bodies to structure their calendars.
    • Today, we have the benefit of Gregorian and Julian calendars, which have been refined over centuries to provide greater accuracy and consistency.

    Dating Methods

    • Carbon-14 dating: a widely used method based on the radioactive decay of carbon-14, which is incorporated into living organisms during their lifetimes.
    • Dendrochronology: a dating technique that relies on the annual growth rings of trees.
    • Palynology: a method of estimating ages based on the analysis of pollen and spores.
    • Potassium-Argon (K-Ar) dating: a method that measures the decay of potassium-40 to argon-40 in volcanic rocks or metamorphic rocks.

    Historical Periodization

    • Organizing the past into manageable periods is a fundamental aspect of chronology.
    • Historical periodizations include:
      • Ancient history: from the earliest human ancestors to the fall of the Western Roman Empire.
      • Medieval period: from the fall of the Western Roman Empire to the Renaissance.
      • Early Modern Period: from the Renaissance to the mid-18th century.
      • Modern Period: from the mid-18th century to the present day.

    Chronology in Modern Contexts

    • Chronology plays a vital role in various modern contexts, including:
      • Climate science: studying climate records and dating techniques to understand past climate changes and make predictions about future climate events.
      • Archaeology: using dating techniques to identify the age of artifacts, sites, and remains.
      • Forensic sciences: using dating techniques to determine the time of death, the age of crime scenes, and the age of artifacts related to crimes.

    Arawaks and Their Lifestyles

    • Arawaks come mainly from South America.
    • They are sedentary, lived in villages, and built towns.
    • They are agroceramic, cultivated corn and tubers, and made casabe (bread of yucca).
    • They belong to different groups, including:
      • Huecoids: agroceramic, settled in the Caribbean, named after La Hueca sector in Vieques, and did not use paint on their ceramics.
      • Saladoids: came from the Orinoco River in Venezuela, had elaborated pottery techniques, used red and white paint, and built villages with oval-shaped houses.

    Ostionoids and Their Plazas and Agricultural Techniques

    • Ostionoids are also known as Pre-tainos.
    • They have a more complex culture, are sedentary, and are agroceramic.
    • They built ceremonial plazas adorned with petroglyphs and pictographs.
    • They used agricultural techniques such as slash and burn, planting on montones, and planting on terraces.

    Exploring Village Layouts

    • Village layouts have evolved into various configurations, each reflecting unique cultural, geographic, and functional aspects.
    • Rectilinear grid layout: a highly ordered and systematic arrangement of streets and blocks, often inspired by the Greek city-planner Hippodamus of Miletus.
    • Organic layout: an informal arrangement of buildings, with streets and pathways winding in an unpredictable manner to accommodate the natural topography of the land.
    • Linear village layout: a long, narrow settlement that follows the contours of a waterway, road, or ridge.
    • Circular village layout: a design centered around a shared space or common area, such as a central plaza or green.
    • Radial village layout: a design centered around a central point, such as a temple, fortress, or marketplace.
    • Clustered village layout: a high concentration of buildings and dwellings grouped together in a central area.

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    Chapter 8- tainos.docx

    Description

    Learn about the political and social organization of the Taino tribe, including information about their yucayeques, caney, batey, bohios, caciques, and matrilineal kinship. Explore how they lived in small villages and were organized in family groups.

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