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Questions and Answers
Proper resting areas for cows promote ______, which is vital for productivity.
rumination
Heat stress in dry cows can negatively impact their future ______.
lactation
Heat-stressed dry cows may produce lower quality ______, affecting calf immunity.
colostrum
Transition cows are those moving between the dry phase and ______.
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Newborn calves require immediate feeding of ______ for immunity.
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______ refers to heifers or cows that will take over the roles of older cows.
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Ventilation systems in dairy housing help regulate ______ and improve cow comfort.
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Consistent feeding patterns in lactating cows help prevent ______ issues.
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Feeding lactating cows shortly after ______ can maximize intake and support milk production.
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Timing of feed delivery can impact feeding behavior and milk ______.
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Sorting of TMR by dairy cows can lead to nutrient ______ as cows may avoid certain feed parts.
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Colostrum provides essential ______, which are critical for newborn calf immunity.
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Scale accuracy is essential to ensure the correct balance of ______ in TMR.
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Crossbreeding is used to enhance traits like growth rate, feed ______, and meat quality.
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In the beef production system, ______ involves breeding, rearing, and finishing cattle.
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Feeding motivation can be heightened by delivering feed at times when the cows feel ______.
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Natural ventilation uses wind and thermal buoyancy to regulate air without powered ______.
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Evaporative cooling is effective, especially in ______ climates.
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Lactating cows require frequent feeding to maintain ______ levels.
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Self-locking headlocks are often preferred as they reduce ______, allow orderly feeding, and minimize stress.
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High stocking densities can lead to feed ______, causing some cows to miss out on feeding times.
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Water is crucial for milk production; milk is about ______% water.
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Mechanical ventilation uses ______ to create controlled airflow.
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Cows need constant access to clean ______ to maintain hydration and productivity.
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Study Notes
Resting Areas for Cows
- Cows require 10-14 hours of rest daily, and proper resting areas reduce standing time and improve rumination.
Heat Stress in Dry Cows
- Heat stress can impact future lactation, reduce immunity, and affect fetus health
- Impacts include reduced mammary development, lower milk production, impaired cow health, decreased fertility, and increased disease risk.
- Heat-stressed dry cows may produce lower quality colostrum, leading to decreased calf immunity, lower birth weights, and growth impairment.
Transition Cows
- Transition cows are those moving between dry and lactating phases.
- These cows require specialized management to balance nutrition, reduce stress, and prepare them for the demands of milk production.
Newborn Calf Management
- Newborn calves require immediate colostrum feeding for immunity, appropriate housing, and gradual introduction to solid feed.
- Clean, stress-free environments are crucial to reduce disease risk
Replacement in Dairy Breeding
- "Replacement" refers to heifers or cows that will take over the productive roles of older cows.
- Proper management and feeding are essential for replacements to reach breeding age and maintain herd productivity.
Housing for Replacements
- Considerations include adequate space, ventilation, and feeding systems that promote growth and minimize disease.
- Social grouping and gradual adjustment to adult facilities are also important.
Feeding Lactating Dairy Cows
- Feeding patterns directly affect milk production and health. Consistent, frequent feeding prevents metabolic issues and supports sustained milk yield.
- Major drivers in feeding management include feed availability, cow access, and nutritional content.
- Fresh feed delivery and minimizing sorting behavior are important to encourage intake and prevent imbalances.
- Feeding lactating cows shortly after milking or at times when feeding motivation is high can maximize intake and support milk production.
- Consistent timing of feed delivery reduces stress and promotes steady intake, which is essential for consistent milk production.
Sorting TMR
- Sorting can lead to nutrient imbalances.
- This behavior must be managed to ensure cows consume a balanced diet.
Feed Losses in Feed Center Systems
- Common losses include spillage, spoilage, and sorting.
- Spoilage and sorting are particularly concerning as they directly affect feed quality and nutrient intake.
Scale Error in TMR Preparation
- Scale accuracy is essential to ensure the correct balance of nutrients in TMR.
- Inaccuracies can lead to imbalanced diets, affecting health and productivity.
Colostrum Feeding
- Colostrum provides essential antibodies, crucial for newborn calf immunity.
- Timely colostrum feeding can significantly improve calf survival and health.
Colostrum in Dairy and Beef Breeding
- In both dairy and beef breeding, colostrum is essential for immunity.
- Calves born without immediate colostrum intake are more vulnerable to diseases and slower growth.
Crossbreeding in Beef Breeding
- Crossbreeding is used to enhance traits like growth rate, feed efficiency, and meat quality.
- It combines desirable traits from different breeds to optimize production.
Beef Production System
- Beef production involves breeding, rearing, and finishing.
- It may include feedlots for controlled feeding and specialized systems for high-quality meat production.
- Crossbreeding and feed management are common strategies.
Cooling Systems in Dairy Housing
- Milking parlors, holding pens, and feed lanes are primary areas for cooling systems.
- These locations can experience higher temperatures and require controlled cooling to maintain cow comfort and productivity.
Natural vs. Mechanical Ventilation
- Natural ventilation uses wind and thermal buoyancy to regulate air without powered systems.
- Mechanical ventilation relies on fans and exhausts and offers more control, especially in extreme climates.
Drivers of Natural and Mechanical Ventilation
- Natural ventilation is driven by wind and thermal buoyancy. Air enters through side openings and exits through ridge vents.
- Mechanical ventilation uses fans to create controlled airflow and is less dependent on external climate.
Evaporative Cooling in Dairy Housing
- Evaporative cooling is effective, especially in hot climates, as it cools the surrounding air and enhances convective cooling.
- Direct cooling through sprinklers or indirect cooling with pads are commonly preferred, as both help reduce cow body temperature.
Feed Access for Lactating Dairy Cows
- Access to feed is essential for milk production as they require frequent feeding to maintain energy levels, milk yield, and body condition.
- Feeding systems should minimize competition and encourage frequent intake.
Preferred Feed Barrier in Lactating Cows
- Self-locking headlocks are often preferred as they reduce competition, allow orderly feeding, and minimize stress, especially beneficial when cows have varied feeding behaviors.
Stocking Density and Feed Access
- High stocking densities can lead to feed competition, causing some cows to miss out on feeding times.
- A balanced stocking density supports optimal feeding access for all cows.
Water Access for Lactating Cows
- Water is crucial for milk production (milk is about 87% water).
- Lactating cows need constant access to clean water to maintain hydration and productivity.
Importance of Resting Areas
- Resting areas are important for dairy cows because they need adequate rest to maintain their health and productivity.
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