Questions and Answers
Which of these suspending agents are mentioned? (Select all that apply)
What is the pediatric dose of captopril for a patient weighing 10 kg?
2 mg
The pediatric dose of captopril is available in 12.5 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg, and 100 mg tablets.
True
What should always be added to the label of a suspension?
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What is a solute?
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What is an occlusive base used for?
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What does an emollient base do?
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What is a base ingredient?
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What is a solvent?
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What is Syrup NF?
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What do Good Compounding Practices (GCP) ensure?
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What is reimbursement in the context of compounded medications?
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Patient counseling by the pharmacist is optional after compounding a preparation.
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What is sterile compounding used for?
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What is the difference between beyond-use dates and expiration dates?
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What do USP Chapter 795 and USP Chapter 797 standards focus on?
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What is required for making a compounded medication?
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What is a prescription record?
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What is the function of a Class III prescription balance?
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What instrument is used for transferring solid pharmaceutical ingredients?
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What do additional materials in pulverization do?
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What defines pharmaceutical elegance?
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What is anticipatory compounding?
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How should liquid volumes be measured accurately?
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What do hard lozenges contain?
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What can be used to blend or combine powders?
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Study Notes
Good Compounding Practices (GCP)
- Standards to ensure high-quality compounded preparations.
- Pharmacists are responsible for adhering to GCP.
- Compounding pharmacies need state and federal licenses, especially for controlled substances.
Reimbursement
- Compounded preparations often not covered by insurance, impacting profitability of independent pharmacies.
- Patient costs determined by pharmacist and technician time rather than ingredient costs.
- Preparation time for compounded medications typically ranges from 30 to 60 minutes.
Patient Counseling
- Pharmacists must counsel patients post-approval of compounded preparations.
- Essential to communicate proper medication usage, potential side effects, and storage conditions.
Sterile Compounding
- Involves techniques to produce medications free from microorganisms.
- Used for injections and ophthalmic solutions.
Nonsterile Compounding
- Techniques focus on producing capsules, tablets, ointments, and creams.
Beyond-Use Dates
- Compounded products have beyond-use dates, unlike manufactured products which have expiration dates.
Stability
- Refers to a product's ability to retain its properties post-preparation.
- Includes physical and chemical properties, as well as sterilization for sterile preparations.
USP Chapter 795 and 797
- USP sets standards for nonsterile (Chapter 795) and sterile (Chapter 797) compounding.
- Guidelines cover quality control, personnel training, and documentation.
Master Control Record
- Contains the formula for a compounded medication.
- Retrieved post-prescription for compounding.
Compounding Log
- Unique for each prescription, used to document calculations and specific equipment.
- Guides pharmacy technicians through the compounding process.
Prescription Record
- A computer-generated copy of the compounding log for future reference and refills.
Class III Prescription Balance
- Two-pan balance required in pharmacies for precise weighing (sensitivity of +/-6 mg).
- Used for small quantities (up to 120 g).
Counterbalance
- Used for larger quantities (up to 5 kg) with less sensitivity (-/+100 mg).
- Not suitable for prescription compounding.
Weighing Paper
- Protects balance pans from pharmaceutical ingredients.
- Typically, glassine paper is used.
Digital Electronic Analytical Balance
- Offers accuracy and ease of use, generally preferred in larger compounding labs.
Pharmaceutical Weights
- Made of polished brass, used with two-pan balances for precise measurements.
- Consist of both metric and apothecary weights.
Forceps
- Grasp small objects, like pharmaceutical weights, to prevent contamination.
Spatula
- Used for transferring and mixing solid pharmaceutical ingredients.
Compounding Slab
- Flat glass surface ideal for mixing compounds.
Mortar and Pestle
- Used for grinding and mixing ingredients; comes in various materials.
- Different types recommended for solid and liquid dosages.
Graduated Cylinder
- Used for accurate liquid measurement; available in conical and cylindrical types.
Beakers
- Used for measuring larger volumes of liquids but less precise than graduated cylinders.
Pipette
- Thin, calibrated tube for transferring small liquid volumes (<1.5 mL).
Comminution
- Process of reducing substances to fine particles.
Blending
- Combining two substances into a unified mixture.
Trituration
- Rubbing, grinding, or pulverizing to create fine particles.
Levigation
- Used to reduce particle size in ointments using a levigating agent.
Pulverization
- Reduces particle size using a volatile solvent.
Spatulation
- Combining substances using a spatula on a flat surface.
Sifting
- Process of blending powders through separation.
Measuring Liquid Volumes
- Use graduated cylinders that closely match the volume to improve measuring accuracy.
- Allow liquid clinging to settle before taking readings for precise measurement.
Anticipatory Compounding
- Preparation of excess medications is permissible under reasonable quantities with proper labeling.
Pharmaceutical Elegance
- Aesthetic quality of the compounded product.
Diluent Powder
- Inactive powder added to active drugs in tablet or capsule compounding.
Punch Method
- Technique for hand-filling capsules with powder.
Hard Lozenge
- Oral dosage form that dissolves in the mouth; used to increase compliance, especially in children.
Snap-Fit Design
- Design of capsules that ensures closure through interlocking grooves.
Filling Capsules
- Hard gelatin capsules come in sizes ranging from 000 (largest) to 5 (smallest) based on capacity.
Reconstitube
- Device designed for adding diluent to powdered medications and ensuring mixing to create oral solutions.
Suspensions
- Formed by dispersing active ingredients in liquids; may require a suspending agent to maintain stability.
Solute
- Active ingredient dissolved in a liquid to create a solution.
Occlusive Base
- Cream or ointment base that retains moisture in the skin.
Emollient Base
- Softens skin, often used in products like bath oils.
Base Ingredient
- Inert vehicle used as a delivery system for active ingredients.
Solvent
- Liquid used to dissolve an active ingredient in solutions.
Syrup NF
- Mixture of sugar and water, typically containing 85% sugar.
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