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Questions and Answers

What is the main purpose of self-verification according to the content?

  • To diminish uncertainty in social settings
  • To encourage group formation
  • To portray one's identity (correct)
  • To improve personal self-esteem
  • Which motive is specifically suggested as a substitute for the self-esteem motive?

  • Self-regulation motive
  • Self-knowl-edge motive
  • Collective self-esteem motive (correct)
  • Self-consistency motive
  • What aspect is emphasized more strongly in the depersonalization process?

  • Identification with a category (correct)
  • Deliberate responses
  • Social structural arrangements
  • Role behavior
  • In the context of group behavior, individuals act to match their behavior to what?

    <p>The expectations linked to their social identity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which motive relates to the deliberate and self-regulated responses in social identity?

    <p>Self-regulation motive (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is needed to examine the efficacy of the various motives mentioned in the context?

    <p>Increased research efforts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is more strongly underscored in self-verification?

    <p>Role behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do people tend to do when their social identity is activated?

    <p>Align their behavior with social identity standards (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do identity theorists emphasize about individuals in a group?

    <p>They have unique yet interrelated activities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the relationship between role identities and social identities?

    <p>They are always and simultaneously relevant and influential. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, which aspect of societal integration is linked to organic and mechanical forms?

    <p>Both organic and mechanical forms link societal integration with individual identities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about self-categorization is true in the context of group belongingness?

    <p>Self-categorization contributes to belongingness along with role identities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the relationship between person identity and role identities, what is highlighted?

    <p>Both person and role identities are interrelated and cannot be easily separated. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one factor that informs the definitions of the roles of teacher and student?

    <p>Meanings and expectations associated with performance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of identity has been less examined by identity theorists according to the content?

    <p>The personal identity's influence on overall self-concept. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the research by Hains, Hogg, and Duck in their 1997 study?

    <p>The relationship between collective self-esteem and ingroup bias (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus when establishing a general theory of the self?

    <p>Understanding the relationship between group, role, and person identities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following concepts is primarily discussed in Deaux's 1992a work?

    <p>Challenges to Self-Definition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What theoretical framework is introduced in Higgins's 1989 study?

    <p>Self-Discrepancy Theory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which study investigates the intersections of stereotyping and social influence?

    <p>Haslam et al. (1996) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What links role identities and person identities according to Stets?

    <p>Shared expectations and overlapping meanings (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which publication can you find insights about in-group identification's impact on cohesion?

    <p>Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does social identity theory define salience?

    <p>As the activation of an identity in a situation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern of Haslam et al. in their 1996 research?

    <p>Social factors influencing mental health (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who translated Durkheim's 'The Division of Labor' in 1984?

    <p>George Simpson (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the provided content, what can happen when there is a conflict between the meanings of role identities and person identities?

    <p>Individuals may act to maintain their person identities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the implication of identity salience in identity theory according to Stryker?

    <p>It has a binary occurrence of 0 and 1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ellemers, Spears, and Doosje's 1997 study centers on which key aspect of social psychology?

    <p>Group cohesion and identification (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does control play in the link between a masculine gender identity and a mastery identity?

    <p>It reflects a shared meaning of control (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred about the relationship between social identity theory and identity theory based on probabilities?

    <p>Identity theory encompasses a wider range of probabilities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might person identities influence behavior when role identities are under stress?

    <p>They may prompt individuals to act contrary to role identities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary for both role and person identities according to the content provided?

    <p>They need to be maintained (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of 'Prototypicality' relate to in group dynamics?

    <p>The degree to which an individual is representative of a group category (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of social psychology, what is the purpose of joining groups according to Hogg et al.?

    <p>To reduce subjective uncertainty (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory focuses on the relationship between identity salience and role performance?

    <p>Identity Theory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What emotion is predicted in the context of parenting, according to Ellestad and Stets?

    <p>Jealousy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of group life is explored in the work of Spears and others?

    <p>The psychological aspects of intergroup processes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the research conducted by Hogg and Mullin on identity theory?

    <p>Comparison of identity theory with social identity theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which social psychological concept was discussed by Ellemers and van Knippenberg, particularly related to group processes?

    <p>Stereotyping in Social Context (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central theme of Hogg, Terry, and White's research in social psychology?

    <p>Subjective uncertainty reduction through group identification (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What strengthens a person's self-worth according to group dynamics?

    <p>Acceptance by others in the group (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when disturbances affect self-meanings and expectations?

    <p>Individuals act to counteract the disturbance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary focus when examining the salience of identity?

    <p>The bases of identity such as roles or groups (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one manifestation of self-verification?

    <p>Acting consistently with personal identity standards (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the process of self-verification link?

    <p>Individual identity with behavioral enactments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory posits similarities worth examining alongside identity theory?

    <p>Social identity theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is assumed about the identity activation according to the content?

    <p>It remains constant and ongoing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What interplay is considered important to understand motivational processes?

    <p>Cognitive and motivational underpinnings (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Group Identity

    The sense of belonging and shared experiences that connects individuals within a group. It's based on common traits, goals, and values.

    Role Identity

    How individuals perceive themselves based on their specific roles within a group. These roles come with expectations and responsibilities.

    Organic Integration

    Similar to group identity. It's how individuals feel connected to a group based on shared values, beliefs, and experiences.

    Mechanical Integration

    Similar to role identity. It describes the connections based on individuals fulfilling their assigned roles within the group.

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    Person Identity

    The individual's unique self-concept, separate from group and role identities, comprising their values, beliefs, and personality.

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    Interrelation of Identities

    Group, role, and person identities are interconnected and influence each other. Understanding these relationships is crucial for comprehending the self.

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    Role vs. Group Relationship

    While we might try to separate them, role identity and group identity are intertwined and constantly influence our actions.

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    The Importance of Examining Role and Group Identities

    To fully understand an individual, we need to consider both their group identity and their specific roles within that group. Both contribute to their sense of self.

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    Identity Salience

    The likelihood of an identity being activated in a particular situation or setting.

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    Activation of Identities

    The process of bringing a person or role identity to the forefront of consciousness in a specific situation.

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    What happens when role and person identities clash?

    When the expectations associated with a role conflict with a person's core values, individuals may prioritize their person identity over fulfilling the role to maintain their sense of self.

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    The meaning of a person's identity

    Person identity is built upon a system of meanings that overlap with role identity. These shared meanings can connect role identities to a person's core values and beliefs.

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    How do identities link to each other?

    Person identities and role identities are connected through a shared system of meanings. The meaning of a role can be linked to a person's overall sense of self.

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    How do social and identity theories differ in their perspective on identity salience?

    Social identity theory considers only two possibilities for an identity's activation (0 or 1), while identity theory allows for a full range of probabilities.

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    Self-verification

    The process of confirming or validating one's personal identity through actions, beliefs, and interactions with others.

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    Roletaking

    The process of mentally taking on the perspectives and roles of others, understanding their expectations and behaviors.

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    Rolemaking

    Actively shaping and defining one's roles in social interactions, based on personal values and goals.

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    Group formation

    The process of individuals coming together to form a group, often based on shared identities, values, or goals.

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    Depersonalization

    The shift in focus from individual identity to group identity, where personal traits become less salient and shared group characteristics dominate.

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    Self-consistency motive

    The desire to maintain a consistent and stable sense of self, avoiding contradictions or discrepancies in beliefs and behaviors.

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    Uncertainty reduction motive

    The drive to decrease uncertainty and ambiguity in social situations, seeking information and clarity to understand oneself and others.

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    Self-regulation motive

    The effort to control and manage one's behaviors and actions to align with social expectations and maintain a positive self-image.

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    Self-Verification Process

    The process of actively seeking confirmation and maintaining consistency between one's self-concept and how others perceive them.

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    Identity Disturbances

    Situations where external factors (like others' perceptions or actions) challenge or contradict one's existing self-image.

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    Countering Disturbances

    Behaviors or actions individuals engage in to restore consistency between their self-concept and the situation.

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    Identity Standard

    A stable and consistent view of oneself, reflecting core beliefs, values, and expectations about who they are.

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    Acceptance by Others

    The feeling of belonging and validation that arises from being recognized and accepted by a group.

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    Collective Self-Esteem

    The evaluation of one's own worth based on the perceived status and success of their group.

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    Ingroup Bias

    The tendency to favor one's own group over other groups, often leading to prejudice and discrimination.

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    Group Prototypicality

    The degree to which an individual embodies the typical characteristics of their group.

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    Leader Stereotypicality

    How closely a leader matches the expected attributes and behaviors associated with their group.

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    Self-Categorization

    The process of classifying oneself as a member of a particular social group.

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    Self-Discrepancy Theory

    The idea that individuals experience discomfort when their self-concept doesn't align with their ideal self or ought self.

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    Stereotype Applicability

    The extent to which a stereotype accurately fits the characteristics of a particular group.

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    Sharedness of Views

    The degree to which members of a group agree on their opinions and attitudes toward a particular issue.

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    Social Identity Theory

    A theory explaining how individuals derive a sense of self from their group memberships, emphasizing the importance of in-group versus out-group dynamics.

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    Identity Theory

    This theory focuses on how individuals form and maintain their sense of self through roles and group memberships, emphasizing the individual's active role in shaping their identity.

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    Salience of Identity

    The extent to which a particular identity is active and influential in a specific situation. How important is a particular role or group membership at a given moment?

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    Prototypicality

    The degree to which an individual embodies the central characteristics of their group. How well do you represent 'the typical' member of your group?

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    Intergroup Relations

    The interactions and dynamics between different groups, influenced by factors like social identity, prejudice, and stereotyping.

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    Stereotyping

    The process of overgeneralizing about a group, often attributing traits to all members based on limited information, leading to potential biases and inaccurate judgments.

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    Study Notes

    Identity Theory and Social Identity Theory

    • Authors: Jan E. Stets and Peter J. Burke
    • Source: Social Psychology Quarterly, September 2000, Volume 63, No. 3
    • Pages: 224-237
    • Published by: American Sociological Association
    • Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2695870

    Core Components of Identity Theory and Social Identity Theory

    • Basis of Identity:
      • Social identity theory focuses on categories or groups
      • Identity theory focuses on roles
    • Identity Salience & Activation:
      • Both theories address how identities are activated and how salient they become in a given situation.
    • Cognitive and Motivational Processes:
      • Depersonalization refers to a psychological state where individuals perceive themselves as part of a collective group rather than as unique individuals, as discussed in social identity theory. This can lead to diminished personal identity and heightened conformity to group norms. In contrast, self-verification involves the desire to confirm one’s self-concept, as posited by identity theory, which includes seeking validation from others that aligns with one’s own self-views.
      • Self-esteem, a key component of social identity theory, reflects an individual’s sense of self-worth influenced by their group affiliations, while self-efficacy, rooted in identity theory, pertains to one’s belief in their ability to achieve specific tasks or goals, thereby playing a critical role in motivation and achievement.

    Concept of Identity

    • Reflexive self: Identities are constructed through various categories and classifications, which can encompass numerous aspects of an individual's life, such as race, gender, occupation, and culture. This illustrates the way individuals perceive themselves and relate to others within a social framework.
      • Self-categorization (social identity theory): This theory posits that individuals classify themselves into social groups to develop a sense of belonging and to understand their social environment. By doing so, people enhance their self-esteem through their group affiliations, which group identity becomes increasingly salient in various contexts.
      • Identification (identity theory): This concept emphasizes how individuals define themselves through their roles and relationships within specific groups, such as family, community, and professional settings. Identification plays a crucial role in shaping behavior and attitudes by fostering a deep connection to these social roles.

    Bases of Identity

    • Social Categorization (Similarity): In-group/out-group
    • Role-Based Identity: Defined by societal expectations and norms. Involves negotiation of role behaviors across situations and interactions with counter-roles.

    Activation of Identities and Identity Salience

    • Activation: The process by which an identity becomes relevant in a given situation.
    • Salience: The probability that an identity will be activated in a situation.

    Cognitive and Motivational Processes

    • Depersonalization: Seeing oneself as an embodiment of the group prototype (social identity).
    • Self-verification: Acting to maintain consistency between behavior and identity standard.
    • Motivation: Self-esteem, self-efficacy, self-consistency, self-regulation may drive identity activation. Focus has shifted from self-esteem to other motives.

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