Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is one common reason for project failure?
What is one common reason for project failure?
The performance of the new system is evaluated against the old system during a post-implementation audit.
The performance of the new system is evaluated against the old system during a post-implementation audit.
True
What is the role of Systems Analysts in the System Development Team?
What is the role of Systems Analysts in the System Development Team?
To study the problems and needs of an organization to determine how improvements can be made.
In a __________ conversion, the new system is implemented in a selected unit of the organization first.
In a __________ conversion, the new system is implemented in a selected unit of the organization first.
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Match the conversion types with their definitions:
Match the conversion types with their definitions:
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Which of the following is NOT a benefit of office automation?
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of office automation?
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Cloud computing refers to offline storage solutions.
Cloud computing refers to offline storage solutions.
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What is the purpose of program structure charts generators in program development tools?
What is the purpose of program structure charts generators in program development tools?
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____ tools are used to create a prototype or model of a system.
____ tools are used to create a prototype or model of a system.
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Match the following software tools with their purposes:
Match the following software tools with their purposes:
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Study Notes
Systems Analysis and Design
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What is a System?
- A set of related components that produce specific results (e.g., society, computer system)
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Parts of a System:
- Components: irreducible parts or aggregates of parts
- Interrelationships: Parts' functions depend on other parts
- Boundary: Limits the system, separating it from its environment
- Environment: External factors affecting the system
- Interfaces: Points where the system interacts with the environment
- Input
- Output
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DIKP Pyramid
- Data: Raw facts, figures, signals, and measurements
- Information: Meaningful, analyzed data used in decision-making
- Accurate
- Verifiable
- Complete
- Relevant
- Timely
- Knowledge: Information organized, structured, and used for decision-making
- Wisdom: Deeper understanding, integration, application, and reflection on knowledge
Information Systems
- Definition: An integrated set of components for collecting, storing, organizing, and processing data to create information for decision-making
- Characteristics: Used in interorganizational supply chains and electronic markets, found in any organization (large or small)
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Components:
- Hardware: Physical aspects (computers, mobile phones, disk drives, etc.) Important for accessing software and data
- Software: Instructions that tell hardware what to do, not tangible
- Data: Collection of facts & information which can be organized, indexed, and used for informed decision making
- People: Important for using the system
- Processes: Steps to achieve a goal & increased productivity through integration
Levels of Management
- Strategic Planning: High-level overview of the organization (typically 5 years)
- Tactical Planning: Tactics to achieve a strategy (typically 1 year or less)
- Operational Planning: Daily/weekly/monthly plans for organization tasks
Types of Decisions
- Programmed Decisions: Structured problems, solved using established processes or algorithms
- Non-programmed Decisions: Ill-defined problems, often arising from crises
Systems Development Life Cycle
- Definition: A conceptual model that describes stages involved in developing an information system from the initial feasibility study to maintenance, including planning and system retirement
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Stages:
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Preliminary Investigation (Feasibility Study): Initial investigation/study to understand and define the problem, including defining the problem and feasibility
- Data Collection: Gathering data via documents, interviews, questionnaires, observation (e.g. unique procedures)
- Data Analysis: Examining gathered data, creating a road map (data flow diagram) and detailed procedure/data flow
- Systems Analysis: Understanding the existing system
- Systems Design: Thoroughly planning the new system
- Systems Development: Developing the new system
- Systems Implementation: Putting the new system into use, including training, conversion, and evaluation
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Preliminary Investigation (Feasibility Study): Initial investigation/study to understand and define the problem, including defining the problem and feasibility
Project Management
- Definition: Temporary, unique, complex activities with a single goal or purpose, completed on time within budget and specifications
- Reasons for Project Failure: Unclear objectives, scope creep, unreal expectations, limited resources, poor communication, scheduling delays.
- Key Personnel: Project Manager (planning, staffing, organizing, scheduling, directing, controlling, closing), System Development Team (analysts, designers, programmers, end-users)
- Tools: PERT/CPM, Gantt Charts
Cost Estimation
- Constructive Cost Model (COCOMO): A software cost estimation model that helps predict effort, cost, and schedule for software projects, developed by Barry Boehm.
Information Systems
- Transaction Processing Systems: Data processing systems, the reception and processing of business-related data.
- Management Information Systems: Systems that provide management-oriented reports to help in decision-making
- Decision Support Systems: More advanced decision-oriented information, including calculations and predictions
Systems Life Cycle
- Information System development involves stages beginning with conception, development, birth, production, and eventual death.
In-House vs. Proprietary
- In-House: Internal IT team handling all aspects
- Proprietary: External vendor, designed and implemented by a single vendor
Tools
- Computer-aided software engineering (CASE): Tools for system analysis, design, and programming
Office Automation:
- Hardware, software, and processes for automating office tasks (cloud computing, online storage)
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