Systems Engineering Principles

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Questions and Answers

Which statement best describes the role of Systems Engineering (SE) in product development?

  • SE focuses primarily on individual component design without considering system-level interactions.
  • SE is a departmental structure that manages design engineers.
  • SE is only applied in the initial stages of a project to define customer needs, with minimal involvement thereafter.
  • SE serves as the technical integration, ensuring subsystems function together to meet customer needs. (correct)

A design engineer is primarily concerned with which aspect of system development?

  • Focusing on their specific design task and its direct impact on other system elements. (correct)
  • Managing the overall system architecture and resolving interdisciplinary conflicts.
  • Ensuring all system elements are integrated and function together seamlessly.
  • Gathering and documenting customer needs to define the project scope.

What is the main difference between a Systems Engineer's viewpoint and a Design Engineer's viewpoint?

  • A Systems Engineer focuses on individual component design, while a Design Engineer considers the entire system.
  • A Systems Engineer views the system from the outside, while a Design Engineer views it from the inside. (correct)
  • A Systems Engineer is concerned with cost and schedule, while a Design Engineer focuses on technical specifications.
  • There is no significant difference; both roles have the same perspective on system development.

What does IPPD stand for, in the context of Systems Engineering?

<p>Integrated Process and Product Development (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Systems Engineering, the technical 'glue' refers to:

<p>The processes and methodologies that ensure different design disciplines and subsystems work together. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organizational project-enabling process ensures that project activities align with strategic objectives and contribute to the overall business goals?

<p>Portfolio Management (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Within the context of Systems Engineering, which process is MOST directly concerned with ensuring that a system meets the defined needs of its users and other stakeholders?

<p>Validation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the 'Agreement' process within the System Life Cycle?

<p>Establishing and maintaining agreements between involved parties. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technical management process involves systematically identifying, analyzing, and mitigating potential issues that could impact a project's objectives?

<p>Risk Management (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the System Life Cycle, which process ensures that changes to the system are properly controlled, documented, and tracked?

<p>Configuration Management (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technical process is responsible for transforming the defined architecture into a working system?

<p>Implementation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'Verification' process within the technical processes of the System Life Cycle?

<p>Ensuring that the system is built according to the design specifications. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of the System Life Cycle are stakeholder needs and requirements primarily defined and documented?

<p>System Requirements Definition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective is MOST emphasized when considering the 'systems viewpoint' in systems engineering?

<p>The impact of all system elements on overall system design, performance, cost, and schedule. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

ISO 15288 provides which of the following for systems engineering?

<p>A common framework of process descriptions and associated terminology. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, how are the processes defined in ISO 15288 intended to be applied?

<p>At any level in the hierarchy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of involving all stakeholders in the processes described by ISO 15288?

<p>To achieve customer satisfaction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following BEST characterizes the focus of systems engineering, as suggested in the content?

<p>Concerned with human-made systems or system elements. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the frameworks listed, which one directly integrates with multiple standards, acting as a central point?

<p>CMMI (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Regarding the evolution of standards, what does 'italic' text likely indicate about a standard in the provided diagram?

<p>It has been superseded and is no longer in active use. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a project aims to integrate multiple existing standards into a cohesive framework, which standard from the diagram would be MOST suitable as a starting point due to its integrating nature?

<p>CMMI (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A company wants to improve its software development processes by adopting a maturity model that also considers people management practices. Which framework would be MOST suitable?

<p>Integrating aspects of both SW-CMM and People CMM. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An organization seeks a standard to guide its systems engineering processes with a focus on stakeholder involvement and achieving customer satisfaction. Which standard would be MOST relevant?

<p>ISO/IEC 15288 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best reflects the focus of Systems Engineering revitalization?

<p>Integrating disciplines into a team effort with a structured development process, starting with customer needs and functionality. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary attribute that well written requirements should possess?

<p>Crisp, unambiguous, testable, and firm. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following project approaches should raise concerns during systems engineering according to lessons learned?

<p>Assuming that using Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) hardware inherently minimizes cost risk. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of systems integration, what is the most crucial element for avoiding project failure or disaster?

<p>Effective technical integration of all system components and disciplines. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to manage requirements?

<p>To ensure that the system being developed aligns with the desired customer outcome. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of an organization's processes, which of the following is a key component or aspect typically included?

<p>Subprocesses which contain purpose, process outcomes, and process activities and tasks. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered the first and most important step in the Systems Engineering process?

<p>Capturing desired customer outcome (customer requirements). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the government/industry partnership in systems engineering begin with?

<p>Standards. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for establishing a stable requirements baseline in product development?

<p>To ensure everyone involved is working towards a consistent and well-defined set of requirements. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to obtain cost impact assessments from all stakeholders when changes to project requirements are proposed?

<p>To ensure all financial implications are understood and agreed upon before changes are implemented. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of product development, what is the significance of translating Desired Customer Outcomes (DCOs) into engineering specifications?

<p>It ensures the final product effectively meets customer needs by aligning technical specifications with customer expectations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the key element of success of the original Sony Walkman in 1979?

<p>Its provision of portable, high-quality stereo sound, catering to the desires of young customers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the 'House of Quality' format?

<p>To formally translate customer attributes into product engineered characteristics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the process of using the 'House of Quality', what type of information does the customer provide?

<p>Desired Customer Outcomes (DCOs), describing what would make them successful. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the 'House of Quality' help translate customer Desired Customer Outcomes (DCOs) into product specifications?

<p>By structuring a matrix that correlates customer outcomes with engineering characteristics. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of identifying relationships (strong positive, positive, weak) between customer Desired Customer Outcomes (DCOs) and Engineering Characteristics in the ‘House of Quality’?

<p>It allows for prioritizing engineering efforts based on the impact on customer satisfaction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is LEAST relevant when determining your response to a customer's request for a 'quick' addition to a project?

<p>The customer's personal feelings about the addition. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Imagine a project is in its final testing phase. A customer requests a 'small' change that would improve user experience but requires re-testing the entire system. How should the project team respond?

<p>Actively listen to the request, evaluate the impact on timeline and resources, and present the findings to the customer for a collaborative decision. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A project manager is faced with a customer request that falls outside the original project scope. The change offers significant business value, but the team lacks the necessary expertise. What is the MOST appropriate course of action?

<p>Evaluate the resources needed (Time, Skills, Cost), present the options and impacts to the customer, and collaboratively decide on a path forward. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym $APPEALS represent in the context of value definition?

<p>A framework of considerations that define value in a product or service. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the MOST effective way to gather requirements and ensure a shared understanding with a customer?

<p>Actively listening to the customer's needs and concerns. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A project team is developing a new software application. During development, a competitor launches a similar application with a key feature that was not initially planned for in the project. How should the team respond?

<p>Evaluate the competitor's feature, assess its potential value to customers, and determine if it aligns with the overall project goals before making a decision. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the $APPEALS framework, which of the following scenarios BEST illustrates the 'Lifecycle' component?

<p>A product is designed with easily replaceable parts to extend its lifespan. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A design team is creating a new type of pen. One market segment is 'The Executive'. Using the $APPEALS framework, which aspect would likely be MOST important to this market?

<p>Social acceptance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Dr. K's advice

Working one hour a day for yourself can transform your life.

Systems Engineering

A systematic, interdisciplinary approach that transforms customer needs into a total system solution.

Systems Engineering Role

A process led by Systems Engineers, integrating all functions via Integrated Process and Product Development (IPPD).

Systems Engineer's Viewpoint

Views the system from the outside, focusing on how all parts integrate. Concerned with the big picture and how components affect each other.

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Design Engineer's Viewpoint

Views the system from the inside, focusing on their specific design task and its immediate effects. Concerned with their own design task.

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System Life Cycle

Encompasses all stages of a system's existence, from conception to disposal.

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Organization Project-Enabling (ORG)

Oversees life cycle model management, infrastructure, portfolio, human resources, quality, and knowledge.

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Technical Management

Focuses on project planning, assessment, control, decision-making, risk, configuration, information, and measurement.

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Technical Processes

Includes stakeholder needs, system requirements, architectural definition, implementation, integration, verification, transition, validation, operation, maintenance and disposal.

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Stakeholder Needs and Requirements Definition

Defines needs and requirements from the customer's perspective.

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System Requirements Definition

Specifies WHAT the system must do.

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Architectural Definition

The arrangement of components and their relationships.

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Implementation, Verification, and Integration

Building and testing system elements.

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Systems Viewpoint

Focuses on how system parts affect overall system performance, cost, schedule, and design.

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ISO 15288

A common framework of process descriptions for engineering.

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ISO 15288 Focus

Standard establishes process descriptions from an engineering viewpoint.

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Scalability in ISO 15288

Processes applicable at any level in a system's structure.

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ISO 15288 Goal

Involves stakeholders to achieve customer satisfaction.

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Human-Made Systems

Systems created by humans.

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Process Application

Managing and performing project stages.

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Frameworks Focus

A collection of standards, guidelines, models and methods.

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Process Standards

Collection of standards used in developing a system.

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ISO 15288

Focuses on processes and terminology.

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Systems Engineering Processes

Four main categories: Agreement, Organizational, Technical Management, and Technical Processes.

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Standards in Systems Engineering

Standards establish initial ground rules for Customer/Supplier partnerships.

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Systems Engineering Revitalization Focus

Early focus on needs, integrated disciplines, and considering business/technical needs.

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Improving Systems Engineering

Crisp, testable requirements, collaboration across disciplines, and necessary compromises.

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Warning Signs in Projects

Failure to learn from the past, overconfidence in current tech, underestimating costs, reliance on COTS without validation, unrealistic schedules, and assuming modifications are simple.

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Expert Overconfidence

Underestimation of complexity despite extensive experience.

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Value of Systems Integration

Technical integration is important or it leads to disaster.

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Desired Customer Outcome

Understanding what the customer wants to achieve with the system.

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Requirements Baseline

Ensures a consistent requirements baseline, prevents requirements growth, aligns everyone to the same requirements, and assesses cost impacts for proposed changes.

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Mission Analysis

A structured examination of the mission to define objectives, constraints, and assumptions.

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DCO's

Desired Customer Outcomes; what makes the customer successful.

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Translating DCO's

Converting Desired Customer Outcomes into specific, deliverable product or service features.

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House of Quality

A format to translate customer needs into engineering characteristics.

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Customer's Knowledge

Customers may not know the specific product, but they know what makes them successful.

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VOC/DCO Data

Data collected directly from customers about their needs and desires.

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Value and DCO's

Value perceived by the customer is directly driven by meeting their desired outcomes: DCO's.

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Art of Value Definition

Understanding and interpreting what others are communicating to you.

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Requirements Creep / Scope Creep

The uncontrolled expansion to the scope of a project after it has started.

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Responding to 'quick' customer requests

Actively listen, then evaluate the request based on project specifics, feasibility, and value.

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$APPEALS

Cost, Social Acceptance, Life cycle, Assurances, Availability, Packaging, Performance, Ease of Use

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Factors for responding to requests

What is the request? What type of project? What phase? Is it achievable? What resources are needed? Can the team do it? Will it add business value?

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Design Task Market Segment

Consider the executive market segment.

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Project Type Consideration

What type of project are you in?

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Achievability

Is it achievable?

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Study Notes

  • Introduction to Systems Engineering, including DCO (Active listening) and Requirements Creep, by Ali Kucukozyigit, PhD, CPEM, a Teaching Assistant Professor at Industrial Engineering & Engineering Management at Arizona State University.

Systems Engineering

  • A process, not an organization
  • Led by Systems Engineers
  • All functions play a role, integrating through Integrated Process and Product Development (IPPD)
  • Must be rigorously applied across a program.
  • Technical glue that helps different design disciplines and subsystems to work together.
  • A systematic, interdisciplinary approach that transforms customer needs into a total system solution

Systems Viewpoint

  • Design engineers view the system from the inside with a specialist's viewpoint.
  • Design engineers are concerned with other system elements only as they affect their design task.
  • Systems Engineers view the system from the outside with a systems viewpoint.
  • Systems Engineers are concerned with the effect of all system elements, overall system design, performance, cost, and schedule.

ISO 15288-2023

  • Establishes a common framework of process descriptions.
  • Defines a set of processes and associated terminology from an engineering viewpoint.
  • Processes can be applied at any level in the hierarchy.
  • Suitable sets of processes can be applied for managing and performing the stages.
  • Accomplished through the involvement of all stakeholders, with the goal of achieving customer satisfaction
  • Concerned with human-made systems or system elements
  • Includes agreement processes, organizational project-enabling processes, technical management processes, and technical processes, which have an introduction and subprocess such as, purpose, process outcomes, process activities, and tasks

Systems Engineering Revitalization

  • Focuses on defining customer needs and required functionality, documenting requirements, before designing
  • Integrates all disciplines into a structured development process from concept to operation
  • Considers business and technical needs to provide a quality product that meets user needs

Areas for Improvement

  • Writing requirements that are crisp, unambiguous, testable, and firm
  • All program disciplines can work together.
  • Program management, engineering, contracts, business operations, business development and research
  • Compromise when necessary by tailoring standards and procedures
  • Eliminate desirables, and use real needs

Importance of Systems Integration

  • Integration is key, technical integration
  • Without it, the result can be complete failure.

Capturing Customer Requirements

  • The first and most important step is to capture customer requirements
  • Defined as the desired customer outcome

Managing Requirements

  • Ensures there is a stable and consistent baseline
  • Prevents requirements growth.
  • Ensures compatibility and is working to the same set of requirments.
  • Gets appropriate cost impact assessments for proposed changes from all stakeholders

Active Listening

  • You should actively listen, regardless of your response
  • Your response should depend on what the request is, what type of project phase you are in, and if it is achievable
  • Extra resources may be needed, team abilities, and if it adds business value
  • A methodology for listening incorporates social acceptance, life cycle, assurances, ease of use, cost, availability, packaging, and performance

DCO's - Desired Customer Outcomes (DCO's)

  • The customer may not know the product or service they want.
  • They should be able to describe what will make them successful or you need to make them decribe.
  • Collecting VOC/DCO data can be done through surveys, email campaigns, incentives, focus groups, Customer ratings, Customer relations, social media, Interviews, and feedback forms

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