Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which phase is NOT one of the seven phases of the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)?

Implementation

Evaluation (correct)

Design

Testing

The Agile Model is one of the basic types of SDLC models.

True

What is the primary role of a System Analyst?

To plan, develop, and maintain information systems.

Which of the following is a benefit of Structured Analysis?

Improved communication Signup and view all the answers

In the project management triangle, the three key components are Scope, Time, and ____.

Cost Signup and view all the answers

All stakeholders are always satisfied with the outcomes of a project.

False Signup and view all the answers

Match the following SDLC models with their brief description:

Waterfall Model = Sequential design process Spiral Model = Iterative model with risk assessment Big Bang Model = No formal planning V-Model = Testing phase corresponds with each development stage Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a Data Flow Diagram (DFD)?

To visually represent the flow of data within a system. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following benefits is associated with the System Life Cycle?

Enhances Product Quality Signup and view all the answers

Gantt charts are tools used for project management to stay on track.

True Signup and view all the answers

The primary aim of ________ design is to convert raw data into a computer-based format.

Input Signup and view all the answers

Name one tool used in Systems Analysis.

Data Flow Diagrams, Entity-Relationship Diagrams, UML, or any other listed tool. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following benefits of Data Modeling with their descriptions:

Simplifies data = Makes complex data easier to understand Avoid redundancy = Prevents duplicate data entries Improved data integrity = Ensures data accuracy and consistency Data sharing = Facilitates the distribution of data among users Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an attribute of Structured Analysis?

Non-linear Signup and view all the answers

The Dynamic View is one of the three orthogonal views in Structured Analysis.

True Signup and view all the answers

Name one tool used in Structured Analysis.

Data flow diagram, Decision tables, or Decision trees. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Systems Life Cycle (SLDC)

Conceptual model for project management
Stages from initial study to maintenance

7 Phases of SDLC

Planning
Analysis/Feasibility
Design
Development
Testing
Implementation
Maintenance

6 Basic Types of SDLC Models

Waterfall Model

Linear, structured, sequential approach
Separate project plans for each stage
Suitable for projects with well-defined goals and timelines
No feedback loop

Iterative Model

Improvements and changes possible at each stage
Suitable for repeating development cycles
Early feedback facilitates adjustments
Easier to incorporate changes

Spiral Model

Combines waterfall and iterative approaches
Uses repeated cycles or loops
Four phases: Planning, Risk Analysis, Development, Evaluation

V-Model

Variation of waterfall model
Each phase has a corresponding testing phase
Verification Phase: Business requirements, design, architecture, module design, coding
Validation Phase: Unit, integration, system, acceptance testing

Big Bang Model

Simplest model
Combines all efforts, time, and resources
Integrate individual modules for a unified overview
Use for projects with clearly defined requirements and expectations
Not suitable for projects with unclear user expectations or requirements

Agile Model

Popular model emphasizing collaboration
Focuses on small, iterative changes
Includes phases: Plan, design, develop, test, deploy, review, launch
Utilizes methods like Scrum, Crystal, Kanban, Extreme Programming, DSDM, Lean software development, Feature-Driven Development

Benefits of System Life Cycle

Enhanced product quality
Improved project management
Effective risk management
Improved communication and collaboration
Efficient resource utilization
Flexibility and adaptability

Systems Analysis & Design (SAD)

Structured approach for IS development, maintenance, improvement
System Analysts plan, develop, and maintain ISs
Benefits include: Improved efficiency, better decision-making, cost savings, alignment to business goals

Tools and Techniques in Systems Analysis

Data Flow Diagrams (DFDs)

Visual representation of data movement in a system
Illustrates problem analysis, abstraction, hierarchy, data flow, modularity

Entity-Relationship Diagrams (ERDs)

Flowchart depicting relationships between entities in a system
Used in relational database design and debugging

Unified Modeling Language (UML)

Standard notation for object-oriented analysis and design
Examples include Class diagrams, Use case diagrams, Sequence diagrams, Activity diagrams

Database Design in SAD

Conceptual, logical, and physical design stages

System Security and Controls

Authentication verifies user access (passwords, biometrics, two-factor, token-based)
Authorization restricts access based on roles (RBAC, ABAC)
Encryption protects data confidentiality (symmetric, asymmetric)
Auditing tracks system activities and potential intrusions

Disaster Recovery

Plans for system restoration after catastrophic events
Include backup systems, recovery plans, redundancy

Compliance

Adherence to regulations (GDPR, HIPAA, PCI DSS)

Ethical Considerations in SAD

User trust and privacy (protection of user data, unauthorized access prevention)
Compliance with laws and regulations (Avoiding potential legal issues, maintaining reputation)
Stakeholder interests and impact (Balancing diverse needs)
Unintended effects on society, individuals, and environment
Professional integrity and reputation (High ethical standards)

Emerging Trends in SAD

Cloud computing (scalability, cost-efficiency, collaboration)
Internet of Things (integration of devices, automation, user interfaces)
AI and Machine learning (enhancing capabilities, automating tasks)
Big Data (analyzing large volumes)

Structured Analysis Methodology

Uses graphical diagrams to depict system specifications
Attributes include graphical, hierarchical, logical, and modular systems

Data Modeling

Creating visual representation of an organization's data
Benefits include simplified data, reduced redundancy, improved data integrity, data sharing, and improved data reporting

Input and Output Design

Input Design: Converting raw data to computer format
Objectives: Design data entry and capture procedures, reduce input volume
Output Design: Defining, formatting, and delivering generated information
Objectives: Provide accurate information, meet user requirements, aid decision-making, support multiple formats

SA Major Processes

Study current business environment
Modeling old and new logical systems
Modeling new physical environments
Evaluating alternatives
Selecting best design
Creating structure specifications

Techniques from 3 Orthogonal Views (SA Process)

Functional View (Defines work done and data flow)
Data View (Entity-Relationship diagrams)
Dynamic View (Transition diagrams, conditions)

Data Modeling Benefits

Simplification
Avoidance of redundancy
Improved data integrity
Data sharing
Improved data reports

Physical and Logical Data

Physical Data: How data model is built in the database
Logical Data: Detailed description of data elements and connections

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Description

This quiz covers the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC), detailing its phases from planning to maintenance. It also explores various SDLC models such as Waterfall, Iterative, Spiral, and V-Model, emphasizing their unique features and suitable project scenarios.