Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary goal of system integration?
What is the primary goal of system integration?
A project is a permanent endeavor undertaken to accomplish a unique product or service.
A project is a permanent endeavor undertaken to accomplish a unique product or service.
False
What are the three major steps followed in system thinking?
What are the three major steps followed in system thinking?
- Identify a containing whole. 2. Explain the behavior of the whole. 3. Explain the behavior of the part in terms of its role.
System architecture defines a system's high-level __________.
System architecture defines a system's high-level __________.
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Match the types of project frames to their focus.
Match the types of project frames to their focus.
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Which of the following is NOT an element needed to model software architecture?
Which of the following is NOT an element needed to model software architecture?
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System integration involves certainty in its processes.
System integration involves certainty in its processes.
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Describe what system architecture exposes.
Describe what system architecture exposes.
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Which factor is the most important for project success according to the CHAOS report?
Which factor is the most important for project success according to the CHAOS report?
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Stakeholders only include the project sponsor and project team.
Stakeholders only include the project sponsor and project team.
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Name one organizational structure that emphasizes projects rather than functions.
Name one organizational structure that emphasizes projects rather than functions.
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The _______ Frame assumes organizations are influenced by external coalitions and interests.
The _______ Frame assumes organizations are influenced by external coalitions and interests.
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Which of the following is NOT part of the basic organizational structures?
Which of the following is NOT part of the basic organizational structures?
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Match the following organizational structures with their descriptions:
Match the following organizational structures with their descriptions:
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A matrix organizational structure has a single reporting system.
A matrix organizational structure has a single reporting system.
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What is one key issue in the Political Frame regarding organizations?
What is one key issue in the Political Frame regarding organizations?
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What is a key advantage of a functional structure?
What is a key advantage of a functional structure?
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In a matrix structure, team members are expected to have less autonomy than in a functional structure.
In a matrix structure, team members are expected to have less autonomy than in a functional structure.
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What is the primary focus of a divisional structure?
What is the primary focus of a divisional structure?
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A __________ Structure groups people by the function they perform and the product team they are working with.
A __________ Structure groups people by the function they perform and the product team they are working with.
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Match the following project phases with their descriptions:
Match the following project phases with their descriptions:
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the predictive model?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the predictive model?
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Project phases are the same across all industries.
Project phases are the same across all industries.
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What framework is used for describing the phases involved in developing and maintaining information systems?
What framework is used for describing the phases involved in developing and maintaining information systems?
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What type of requirements typically describe what the system should do?
What type of requirements typically describe what the system should do?
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Non-Functional Requirements include the performance and reliability constraints of a system.
Non-Functional Requirements include the performance and reliability constraints of a system.
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What is the primary focus of Requirement Elicitation?
What is the primary focus of Requirement Elicitation?
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The __________ phase involves refining poorly understood requirements through testing.
The __________ phase involves refining poorly understood requirements through testing.
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Which of the following is NOT a method of fact-finding?
Which of the following is NOT a method of fact-finding?
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Match the following types of requirements with their definitions:
Match the following types of requirements with their definitions:
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Non-Functional Requirements are easy to evaluate for customers before delivery.
Non-Functional Requirements are easy to evaluate for customers before delivery.
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What is one challenge associated with Non-Functional Requirements?
What is one challenge associated with Non-Functional Requirements?
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What does the Spiral Model emphasize in software development?
What does the Spiral Model emphasize in software development?
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The Waterfall Model allows for changes and iterations during its phases.
The Waterfall Model allows for changes and iterations during its phases.
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What is the purpose of the RAD Model in software development?
What is the purpose of the RAD Model in software development?
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The project life cycle applies to all ________ regardless of the products being produced.
The project life cycle applies to all ________ regardless of the products being produced.
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Match the following software development models with their characteristics:
Match the following software development models with their characteristics:
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of good requirements?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of good requirements?
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Scrum includes daily meetings called scrums.
Scrum includes daily meetings called scrums.
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What is the first phase of the Systems Development Life Cycle?
What is the first phase of the Systems Development Life Cycle?
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Study Notes
System Integration & Architecture
- System Integration is the process of combining interrelated elements to achieve a common goal.
- System Architecture defines the high-level structure of a system, exposing its gross organization as a collection of interacting components.
- System integration often requires resources from various areas and should have a primary sponsor.
- System integration involves uncertainty.
System Thinking
- System Thinking is understanding an entity in terms of its purpose.
- Consists of three major steps:
- Identify a containing whole (system) of which the thing to be explained is a part.
- Explain the behavior or properties of the containing whole.
- Explain the behavior or the properties of the thing to be explained in terms of its role(s) or function(s) within its containing whole.
Elements in Software Architecture
- Components
- Connectors
- System
- Properties
- Styles
Project Definition
- A project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to achieve a unique product or service.
Project Attributes
- Unique purpose
- Temporary (has a defined start and end date)
- Requires resources (people, materials, money)
- Involves uncertainty
Project Origination: Problems, Opportunities, and Directives
- Problems are undesirable situations preventing the business from fully achieving its goals.
- Opportunity is a chance to improve the business even in the absence of a specific problem.
- Directive is a new requirement imposed by management, government, or external influence.
Stakeholders
- Project sponsor and project team
- Support staff
- Customers
- Users
- Suppliers
- Opponents to the project
Factors Contributing to Project Success
- Executive Support
- User Involvement
- Experienced Project Manager
- Clear Business Objectives
- Minimized Scope
- Standard Software Infrastructure
- Firm Basic Requirements
- Formal Methodology
- Reliable Estimates
Understanding Organizations
- Organizations can be analyzed using four frames:
- Structural Frame: Focuses on roles and responsibilities, coordination, and control.
- Human Resources Frame: Focuses on harmonizing the needs of the organization with the needs of people.
- Political Frame: Assumes organizations are coalitions composed of varied individuals and interest groups. Conflict and power are key issues.
- Symbolic Frame: Focuses on symbols and meaning related to events. Culture is important.
Organizational Structures
- Functional: Divided into departments based on specialized functions like marketing, finance, human resources, and operations.
- Divisional: The company coordinates inter-group relationships to create a work team to meet the needs of a customer or group of customers.
- Matrix: Combines elements of both functional and project structures, creating a dual-reporting system. Employees report to both functional managers and project managers.
- Project: Arranged around projects rather than functional departments. Each project has a dedicated team working towards specific goals.
Project Phases and the Project Life Cycle
- A project life cycle is a collection of phased project activities.
- Project phases vary by project industry but some general phases include:
- Concept
- Development
- Implementation
- Support
- Projects should successfully pass through each phase before proceeding to the next. Management reviews should occur after each phase to evaluate project progress and likely success.
Product Life Cycles
- The System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a framework for describing phases involved in developing and maintaining information systems.
System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Phases
- Identifying Problems, Opportunities, and Objectives
- Determining Information Requirements
- Analyzing System Needs
- Designing the Recommended System
- Developing and Documenting Software
- Testing and Implementing the System
- Maintaining the System
Predictive vs. Adaptive Project Life Cycle Models
- Predictive Models: Project scope can be clearly articulated, and the schedule and cost can be predicted.
- Adaptive Models: Projects are mission-driven and component-based, using time-based cycles to meet target dates.
Predictive Models
- Waterfall Model: Has well-defined, linear stages of systems development and support.
- Spiral Model: Shows that software is developed using an iterative or spiral approach rather than a linear approach.
- Incremental-Release Model: Provides for progressive development of optional software.
- Prototyping Model: Used to clarify unclear user requirements.
- RAD Model: Used to produce software quickly without sacrificing quality.
Adaptive Models
- Extreme Programming (XP): Developers program in pairs and must write tests for their own code. XP teams include developers, managers, and users.
- Scrum: Repetitions of iterative development are referred to as sprints, which normally last thirty days. Teams often meet every day for short meetings called Scrums.
Distinguishing Project Life Cycles and Product Life Cycles
- The project life cycle applies to all projects, regardless of the product being produced.
- Product life cycle models vary considerably based on the nature of the product.
- Most large IT systems are developed as a series of projects.
- Project management is done in all of the product life cycle phases.
Why Have Project Phases and Management Reviews?
- To ensure that the project is on track and meeting the organization's goals.
Requirements Determination
- Requirements determination addresses the gathering and documenting of the true and real requirements for the information system being developed.
- Requirements are the wants and/or needs of the user within a problem domain.
Requirements Determination Key Questions:
- Who does it?
- What is done?
- When is it done?
- Where is it done?
Fact Finding Methods:
- Sampling (of existing documentation, forms, and databases)
- Research and site visits (participation observation)
- Observation of the work environment
- Questionnaires
- Interviews
- Prototyping
- JAD/Join Requirements planning (JRP)
Types of Requirements:
- User Requirements: Statements in natural language plus diagrams describing the system's provided services and operational constraints.
- Functional Requirements: Define the system's capabilities, what it should do.
- Non-Functional Requirements: Consist of constraints that must be adhered to during development (implementation and design), including aspects like reliability, performance, security, usability, and maintainability.
System Requirements
- Describe system services.
- Act as a contract between the client and contractor.
Functional Requirements
- Describe the system inputs and outputs.
- Describe the data the system should store.
- Specify the computations the system should perform.
Non-Functional Requirements
- Define system properties and constraints like reliability, response time, storage, and security.
- Constraints can include I/O device capability and system limitations.
Requirements Documentation
- It's crucial for maintaining, enhancing, and ensuring portability and lifespan of the system
- Documents provide a record of the system’s capabilities and limitations.
- Help ensure consistent understanding and development..
Analysis Phase
- Transforms stakeholder requirements into a more detailed and technically comprehensive set of system requirements.
Prototype Phase
- Used to test, strengthen, correct, or refine poorly understood requirements.
Requirement Documentation and Specification
- Represents the requirements as the final product of the stakeholder requirements team.
Requirement Elicitation
- Gathering and documenting the true and real requirements for the information system being developed from the stakeholders, users, and subject matter experts.
The Challenge of Non-Functional Requirements
- Difficult to model precisely.
- Often stated informally, leading to contradictions.
- Difficult to enforce during development.
- Difficult to evaluate for the customer prior to delivery.
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Description
This quiz explores the fundamental concepts of System Integration and Architecture, including the principles of System Thinking and the key elements involved in Software Architecture. It highlights the importance of understanding the roles and interactions of components within a system to achieve successful integration and project outcomes.
