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Questions and Answers
What is a key component of the system design that ensures protection of data?
How can a system be designed to ensure future growth?
What aspect of system design aids in maintenance and troubleshooting?
What is essential for validating the functionality of a system during its development?
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What does a code numbering system specifically provide within a system?
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What is necessary to ensure a smooth transition from an old system to a new one?
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What is the primary purpose of code systems in data management?
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Which type of code combines letters and numbers for ease of recognition?
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What is a key design consideration for code systems to ensure accuracy?
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Which of the following best describes hierarchical codes?
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What should be a consideration for code design to support future growth?
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In which module are product/item codes typically implemented?
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What is essential for the maintenance of code systems as the system evolves?
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Why is it important to document the code numbering system thoroughly?
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What is the primary goal of computer scheduling of work?
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Which type of scheduling prioritizes tasks that interact directly with the user?
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Which scheduling algorithm processes tasks in the order they arrive?
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What is a characteristic of batch scheduling?
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What defines user-defined priorities in task scheduling?
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In which context is real-time scheduling primarily used?
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What is the primary purpose of data modeling techniques such as entity-relationship diagrams?
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Which of the following access methods allows for the retrieval of data in a non-sequential manner?
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What is the purpose of applying normalization techniques to a database?
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Under which circumstances might denormalization be beneficial?
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What mechanism can be implemented to manage concurrent access to files effectively?
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What is essential to develop strategies for backing up logical files?
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Scalability in the design of the logical file subsystem is important because it allows for:
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What is the main focus of the documentation for each logical file?
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What is a critical factor to consider when determining the access method for each file?
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What is the purpose of integrating the logical file subsystem with the code numbering system?
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Study Notes
System Design Considerations
- Security measures are essential to protect data and system integrity.
- Authentication, authorization, and encryption mechanisms should be implemented as part of the design.
- System design should accommodate future growth and user requirements by adopting modular and flexible architectures.
- Comprehensive documentation, including system design specifications, data dictionaries, and user manuals, facilitates maintenance, troubleshooting, and future enhancements.
- A robust testing plan, covering unit, integration, and system testing, validates functionality and performance.
- A step-by-step implementation plan, considering data migration and user training, ensures a smooth transition from the old system to the new one.
- An established framework for ongoing maintenance, addressing bug fixes, updates, and user support, ensures continuous improvement.
Code Numbering System
- A code numbering system is a methodical way of assigning unique codes or identifiers to different entities within a system.
- It provides a structured approach for data management and facilitates efficient information retrieval.
- The primary purpose is to uniquely identify and distinguish each entity within the system, like products, customers, transactions, or records.
- This enables quick referencing, sorting, and searching, which contributes to data integrity and system efficiency.
Types of Codes
- Sequential Codes are assigned in a numerical sequence, often reflecting the order of creation or entry.
- Alphanumeric Codes combine letters and numbers for versatile and easily recognizable codes.
- Hierarchical Codes reflect the hierarchy or relationships among entities by incorporating levels or categories in the code.
Code Number System Design Considerations
- Uniqueness is important to avoid confusion and ensure accurate identification.
- Concise codes convey relevant information without unnecessary complexity.
- Code structure should align with the overall system architecture and data requirements.
- Scalable codes accommodate future expansions and changes in the system.
Code Number System Implementation
- Product/Item Codes are assigned to products or items for inventory and sales tracking.
- Customer Codes generate identifiers for customers to streamline customer relationship management.
- Transaction Codes track and categorize different types of transactions within the system.
Logical File Subsystem
- Logical file subsystems represent real-world connections between entities by establishing logical relationships between different files.
- Data modeling techniques, such as entity-relationship diagrams, define the structure and relationships within the logical file subsystem.
Access Methods
- Data within files can be accessed through various methods, including sequential access, random access, or indexed access.
- The frequency and nature of data retrieval operations determine the most efficient access method for each file.
Data Integrity
- Normalization techniques eliminate data redundancy and improve data integrity.
- Denormalization can be applied to improve performance in cases where fully normalized structures are not ideal.
Integration with Code Number System
- The logical file subsystem should be integrated with the code numbering system to ensure a unified approach to data organization and identification.
- Coded entities and logical files are aligned for seamless data management.
Concurrency Control
- Mechanisms manage concurrent access to files to prevent data inconsistency or conflicts.
- Locking mechanisms and transaction control maintain data integrity during simultaneous operations.
Backup and Recovery
- Strategies for backing up logical files prevent data loss in the event of system failures or disasters.
- Recovery procedures restore data integrity after a failure.
Documentation
- Comprehensive documentation for each logical file details the structure, relationships, and access methods.
- Guidelines for developers and users on how to interact with and maintain the logical file subsystem are provided.
Scalability
- The logical file subsystem is designed to be scalable to accommodate growth in data volume and changes in business requirements.
- Partitioning or sharding strategies can be applied for large datasets.
Security and Auditing
- Security focuses on implementing protective measures, while auditing ensures ongoing monitoring, compliance verification, and continuous improvement of security practices.
Computer Scheduling of Work
- Computer scheduling, also known as job scheduling or task scheduling, allocates computing resources and manages tasks or jobs within a computer system.
Types of Scheduling
- Batch Scheduling groups similar jobs together and processes them in batches during non-peak hours.
- Interactive Scheduling prioritizes tasks that require immediate user interaction, ensuring responsiveness.
- Real-time Scheduling manages tasks with strict timing requirements, such as controlling hardware devices or processing sensor data.
Scheduling Algorithms
- First-Come-First-Serve (FCFS) executes tasks in the order they arrive.
- Shortest Job Next (SJN) or Shortest Job First (SJF) prioritizes tasks based on their execution time.
- Round Robin (RR) allocates a fixed time slice to each task in a cyclic manner.
- Priority Scheduling assigns priorities to tasks, and tasks with higher priorities are scheduled first.
Task Prioritization
- User-defined Priorities allow users to assign priorities to their tasks based on importance.
- System-defined Priorities assigns priorities based on the nature of the task, resource requirements, or service-level agreements.
Resource Allocation
- Efficient utilization of CPU, memory, and other resources is ensured.
- Resource contention is managed, and resources are allocated based on task requirements.
Job Queues
- Queues of pending tasks or jobs waiting to be executed are maintained.
- Jobs are categorized based on priority, type, or other criteria.
Load Balancing
- Tasks are distributed evenly across multiple processors or computing nodes to prevent overloading of specific resources.
Deadline Scheduling
- Tasks with specific deadlines are scheduled to meet their time constraints.
- This is critical for real-time systems where timely execution is essential.
Preemption
- The scheduler can interrupt the execution of a currently running task to start or resume another task.
- Preemption is often used in priority-based scheduling to ensure timely execution of higher-priority tasks.
Job Dependencies
- Dependencies between tasks are managed to ensure execution in the correct order.
- This allows for the coordination of complex workflows and dependencies.
Feedback Mechanisms
- Task performance is monitored.
- Scheduling priorities are adjusted based on historical data or current system load, providing adaptability to changing workload patterns.
Fault Tolerance
- Mechanisms handle failures and recover from errors during task execution.
- This ensures reliability and continuous operation in the presence of hardware or software failures.
Scheduling Policies
- Policies guide the overall scheduling strategy, considering factors such as fairness, throughput, and response time.
- Policies vary based on the specific goals and characteristics of the computing environment.
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Description
This quiz covers key principles in system design, focusing on security, modular architecture, and documentation. Explore the importance of robust testing plans and ongoing maintenance strategies for successful system implementation. Prepare yourself to understand the systematic approach to coding and system integrity.
