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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of late manifestations of syphilis?
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of late manifestations of syphilis?
- Granulomatous lesions in the visceral organs
- Ulcerative skin lesions on the face and trunk (correct)
- Hyperpigmented skin lesions
- Symmetric diffuse thickening of peripheral nerves
What type of bone lesion is caused by a gumma of the nasal septum in syphilis?
What type of bone lesion is caused by a gumma of the nasal septum in syphilis?
- Osteomyelitis
- Osteoporosis
- Osteosclerosis
- Saddle nose deformity (correct)
Which type of leprosy is associated with the highest degree of nerve involvement and deformity?
Which type of leprosy is associated with the highest degree of nerve involvement and deformity?
- Indeterminate leprosy
- Lepromatous leprosy (correct)
- Borderline leprosy
- Tuberculoid leprosy
Which of the following dental abnormalities is characteristic of congenital syphilis?
Which of the following dental abnormalities is characteristic of congenital syphilis?
Which of the following is a characteristic clinical feature of leprosy?
Which of the following is a characteristic clinical feature of leprosy?
What type of skin lesion is typically seen in leprosy?
What type of skin lesion is typically seen in leprosy?
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of nasal involvement in leprosy?
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of nasal involvement in leprosy?
What is the primary cause of trophic changes in the hands and feet in leprosy?
What is the primary cause of trophic changes in the hands and feet in leprosy?
Which type of leprosy is characterized by well-defined, hypopigmented skin lesions with impaired sensation?
Which type of leprosy is characterized by well-defined, hypopigmented skin lesions with impaired sensation?
What is the most common visceral involvement in leprosy?
What is the most common visceral involvement in leprosy?
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Study Notes
Syphilis
- Caused by Treponema pallidum, a venereal disease
- Aetiology: Direct method through sexual contact, Congenital method through mother to fetus
- Tissue reaction: Syphilitic granulation tissue (SGT) with dense perivascular infiltrate of plasma cells, lymphocytes, and few giant cells
- Characterized by prominent end arteritis obliterans in early and cellular stages
Primary Stage (Hard Chancre)
- Appears 2 weeks after infection
- Site: Genital or extra genital (fingers, lip, tongue)
- Lesion: Hard Chancre, a single raised red papule that ulcerates after few days
- Ulcer is rounded, superficial, with flat edges, clean floor, firm margin, and firm base
- Painless and highly infective
Late Manifestations
- Gumma of bones (gummatous osteitis): skull, nose → saddle nose, hard palate → perforate palate
- Diffuse syphilitic periosteitis: square shaped skull, saber tibia
- Effusions in big joints
- Hutchinson teeth: small, peg-shaped, widely separated, and notched
- Iritis, keratitis, retinitis → blindness
- 8th cranial nerve affection → deafness
- CNS affection → general paralysis of insane (GPI)
Leprosy
- Infective granuloma caused by Mycobacterium leprae
- Aetiology: Mycobacterium leprae
- Types: Based on TH1 cell mediated immunity
- Low TH1: No production of IL2 and IFNγ, macrophages engulf leprae bacilli which proliferate inside their cytoplasm → vacuolated (lepra cells)
- High TH1: Production of IL2 and IFNγ, macrophages engulf and destroy leprae bacilli
- Micro: Non caseating granuloma + many organisms + lepra cells
- Lesions: Skin lesions (multiple nodules in face and extremities)
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