Syphilis: Stages, Transmission, and Diagnosis

• Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum.

Stages of Syphilis

• Primary syphilis: Characterized by a single, painless sore called a chancre. Chancres typically appear at the site of infection.
• Secondary syphilis: Characterized by a widespread rash, often on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, as well as mucous membrane lesions or patchy hair loss.
• Latent syphilis: A period with no visible signs or symptoms. It can last for years.
• Tertiary syphilis: Can occur years after the initial infection and can affect multiple organ systems, including the brain, heart, and bones.

Transmission

• Syphilis is primarily spread through direct contact with a chancre during sexual activity.
• It can also be transmitted from a pregnant woman to her fetus (congenital syphilis).

Diagnosis

• Syphilis is typically diagnosed through blood tests.
• Darkfield microscopy can be used to identify the bacteria in chancre fluid.

Treatment

• Penicillin is the preferred treatment for all stages of syphilis.
• The dosage and duration of treatment depend on the stage of the infection.
• For patients allergic to penicillin, other antibiotics such as doxycycline or tetracycline may be used.
• Follow-up blood tests are necessary to ensure that the treatment has been effective.

Nursing Considerations

• Assessment: Assess patients for risk factors, such as unprotected sexual activity and a history of STIs.
• Patient education: Provide education about the importance of safe sex practices.
• Medication administration: Administer penicillin as prescribed, and monitor for adverse reactions.
• Follow-up care: Emphasize the importance of follow-up blood tests to ensure that the treatment has been effective.
• Partner notification: Encourage patients to notify their sexual partners.

Complications of Syphilis

• Untreated syphilis can lead to serious health problems, including:
  • Neurosyphilis: Damage to the brain and nervous system, which can cause dementia, paralysis, or stroke.
  • Cardiovascular syphilis: Damage to the heart and blood vessels, which can cause aneurysms or heart failure.
  • Gummas: Soft, tumor-like growths that can damage skin, bones, or organs.
  • Congenital syphilis: Can cause serious health problems in newborns, including bone deformities, anemia, and developmental delays.